The three levels of consciousness according to Freud are c onscious (small), p reconscious (small-medium), and u nconscious (enormous). Proposed by Albert Bandura, reciprocal determinism is a model composed of three factors that influence behavior . These are the environment, the individual, and the behavior itself. In this model, the environment influences the intensity and frequency of behavior, just as the behavior itself can have an impact on the environment. Learning theories seek to describe how information is absorbed, processed, and retained during learning. Reciprocal determinism interacts with other learning theories in that all the characteristics rewarded in the past are part of the individual component. A person's behavior is determined by cognitive and personality factors that include the individual's beliefs, expectations, and unique personality characteristics.
In personality psychology, a locus of control refers to the extent to which an individual believes he/she can control events affecting them. For instance, when someone with an internal locus of control gets a promotion at work or achieves some other form of success, he/she may attribute it to the amount of work put in. On the other hand, an individual with an external locus of control might attribute that promotion or success to external or environmental factors such as luck, fate, timing, other people or some divine intervention. Therefore, those with an internal locus of control tend to be more successful because they work hard to achieve the success. The reverse goes for those with an external locus of control.
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Personality disorders are deeply ingrained and maladaptive pattern of behavior of a specified kind, typically manifest by the time one reaches adolescence and cause long-term difficulties in personal relationships or in functioning in society. The disorders can be caused by genetic and environmental risk factors .
Psychological normality and abnormality are culturally defined concepts, which are not based on any objective criteria. For instance, d iagnosis of mental illness is informed by the clinician's observations, the patient's self-reports, a clinical interview, and diagnostic manuals. Therefore, classification systems that classify symptoms of specific disorders help psychologists know where to draw the line between normality and abnormality.
The three primary categories of psychotropic drugs are stimulants, depressants, and hallucinogens. The depressants reduce the activity of the central nervous system, slow down reactions and lessen the strength of response. Stimulant s improve performance on tasks and keep someone awake for an extended period. Lastly, the hallucinogens produce perpetual and temporal distortions. The resulting distortions might be pleasurable, upsetting or frightening.
The Community Movement toward Community Based Care is a shift in federal policy. Before its passage, most resources were channeled towards institutional-based care. Due to mental illness, an approximated half a million adults and children were i nstitutionalized. Overall, the number was equivalent to a thirteen-fold increase. The number was also representative of a growth rate nearly five times that of the general population since the late 1800s .
Social categorization, stereotyping and in-group favoritism.
Generalized anxiety disorder , which is a psychological disorder is characterized by excessive or disproportionate anxiety about several aspects of life. These aspects could be work, social relationships, or financial matters. Extreme worrying almost every day for six months or more may signal . The disorder falls i n the DSM-5 category .
Behaviorism is considered an arm of research psychology. To the behaviorist, human behavior has little to do with unconscious internal conflicts, challenges with object representations or repression. Behavioral psychologists on the flip side make use principles of learning theory to understand human behavior. The behavioral theory supposes that dysfunctional or unhelpful behavior such as depression is learned. Because depression is learned, behavioral psychologists suggest that it can also be unlearned. The possible treatments used include medications and psychotherapy (psychological counseling). Likewise, hospital stays are encouraged in some cases.
The first few seconds of a relationship may be the most crucial. An enormous amount of energy is used in helping people form good first impressions. This is because the first impression determines the mental image formed by an acquaintance over oneself. Secondly, the mental image one gives to others influences how they will be viewed and treated in the future.
In most organizations, new employees are first informed of the organization's commitment to positive intergroup relations. This introduction may be in the form of workshops on diversity or other activities aimed at facilitating racial and ethnic harmony.
Asch worked on the number of times individuals conformed to the majority view. He concluded that people conform for two main reasons. First, they conform due to their urge to fit in with a group's normative influence. Secondly, conformity is fueled by peoples' believe that the group is better than them. On the other hand, Milgram was interested in how quickly ordinary people are influenced into committing atrocities. He observed that ordinary citizens are likely to follow orders given by an authoritative figure, even to the extent of killing an innocent human being. This reaction to legitimate authority is picked from a variety of situations, for instance in the family, school and workplace. Based on the two theories, deception should not be used in certain research topics. This is because it wrongly influences the process, resulting in the wrong conclusion.
Schizophrenia is a brain disorder that alters a person's thought process, behavior, and his/her view of the world. Individual's suffering from schizophrenia often have an altered perception of reality. They may see or hear things that don't exist, speak in strange or confusing ways, believe that others are trying to harm them, or feel like they're being constantly watched.
In Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) the emotional functioning of people is embedded in their beliefs. For instance, by harboring irrational beliefs, people are more likely to become anxious, depressed and angry. They are also more liable to harboring self-defeating behaviors. In its application, a client has to work hard to get better, and this may include completing tasks assigned by the therapist. The assignments may include desensitization tasks i.e. having the client to confront the very thing that scares him/her. Most times, REBT is used as a brief therapy and focuses on specific problems. In the case of deeper problems, a more elaborate therapy is adopted.
