Analogous structures are those from different origins but have evolved to perform similar functions whereas homologous structures have a common origin but adapt to perform different functions. The penis and clitoris both have a common precursor, the genital tubercle. They are similar in function because they are both useful during sexual stimulation. Erectile tissues are secreted under the skin and fill with blood during sexual arousal leading to erection in both male and female sex organs.
The major organs in the reproductive system are the ovaries in females and the testes in males. Ovaries are located in depressions called ovarian fossae on either side of the womb. They are small in size and oval-shaped. They are responsible for producing ova and sex hormones which facilitate fertilization. The testes are oval in shape and lie in the scrotum (Rojas et al., 2015). Their main function is to produce sperm for fertilization and produce testosterone which is a male sex hormone.
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Inherited mutations are gene mutations that are found in all cells in the body whereas somatic mutations are only found in mutated cell types. A gene from a mutant somatic section can grow into a germinal tissue implying what arose as a somatic mutation can be transmitted sexually. Sex-linked mutations occur in the germ line to form sex cells (Stenson et al., 2017). When a mutant sex cell participates in fertilization and is passed on to the next generation.
Somatic gene editing only affects the individual being treated. It affects some of the cells. Genetic modification affects all cells in an organism. This includes eggs and sperm. This means, with genetic modification, the genes will be passed on to the next generations. All alterations will appear in every cell of the individual that developed from the genetically modified gamete and hence possesses similar morphological structures (Oldrini et al., 2018). Somatic gene editing would rather lead to different morphological structures since not all cells are affected.
References
Oldrini, B., Curiel-García, Á., Marques, C., Matia, V., Uluçkan, Ö., Graña-Castro, O., Torres-Ruiz, R., Rodriguez-Perales, S., Huse, J. T., & Squatrito, M. (2018). Somatic genome editing with the RCAS-TVA-CRISPR-Cas9 system for precision tumor modeling. Nature communications , 9 (1), 1466. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-03731-w
Rojas, J., Chávez-Castillo, M., Olivar, L. C., Calvo, M., Mejías, J., Rojas, M., Morillo, J., & Bermúdez, V. (2015). Physiologic Course of Female Reproductive Function: A Molecular Look into the Prologue of Life. Journal of pregnancy , 2015 , 715735. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/715735
Stenson, P. D., Mort, M., Ball, E. V., Evans, K., Hayden, M., Heywood, S., Hussain, M., Phillips, A. D., & Cooper, D. N. (2017). The Human Gene Mutation Database: towards a comprehensive repository of inherited mutation data for medical research, genetic diagnosis and next-generation sequencing studies. Human genetics , 136 (6), 665–677. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00439-017-1779-6
