Tissue bioprinting is the layering of the living cells by using three-dimensional printing organs and biological tissues. Bioprinting is still a new technique in the medical treatment sector, and it's showing a lot of promise in creating functional replacement tissues or organs (Kang et al., 2016). The creation of the architectural design is centered on the essential arrangement of the organ or tissue that is required for the tissue bioprinting process. Combining of cells, the factors of growth, as well as the fabrication of biomedical parts from biomaterials to imitate natural tissues, feature maximally are some of the techniques utilized by three-dimensional Bioprinting.
Tissues and organs that will help in drugs and pills research are some of the current things that Bioprinting is used to print. The desired tissue or organs can however get produced from bioprinting of cells or extracellular matrix deposited into a three-dimensional gel layer according to the emerging innovations (Kolesky et al., 2016). Also, the incorporation of the printing of scaffolds is the new addition of the three-dimensional bioprinting technologies. The scaffolds are essential in the regeneration of ligaments and joints process.
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Pre-bioprinting, bioprinting as well as post printing are the three essential steps followed in the three-dimensional bioprinting. The first step which is pre bioprinting entails the creation of a model that comprises of the materials necessary for the process (Datta et al., 2017). Obtaining of the biopsy of the organ is one of the steps of bioprinting. Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography are some of the common technologies used for bioprinting. The second step is the bioprinting process that entails the use of the patients' medical scans in the printer cartridge after mixing the matrix, a liquid mixture of cells and nutrients. The final step is the post bioprinting which is an essential process in the creation of the stable biological material structure. The mechanical integrity, as well as the function of the object printed, will be at risk if the process does not get maintained to the required standards.
Biomimicry, mini tissue buildings blocks as well as autonomous self-assembly are some of the primary methods of bioprinting. Biomimicry approach aims at creating of fabricated structures identical to the natural structures found in the human organs or tissues. The duplication of the framework, microenvironment as well as the shape of the organ and tissue is the primary requirement of biomimicry (Gao & Cui, 2016). Autonomous self-assembly, on the other hand, replicates the tissues of interest by relying more on the physical process of embryonic organ development. How the microenvironment surrounded creates the bioprinted tissues, as well as the development of embryonic tissues, are the two aspects that this approach demands to understand deeply. The medical field of tissue engineering has advanced significantly due to the various contribution of tissue bioprinting as well as the use of biomaterials on the research. Reconstructive surgery, surgical therapy, tissue engineering, and transplants are some of the uses of bioprinting.
The more a cumulative challenge is where the challenge of each factor correlates to all other factors, and in this case, there are some distinct challenges and some challenges that come into play by their interaction. Regardless of the fact that this technique used to deposit living mammalian cells (of which there are many), the biggest challenge to bio-printing is the 'ink' i.e., the physicochemical composition and properties of the extracellular material used as the vehicle to carry and deposit the cells (Zhang, et al., 2017). This material dictates both cell survival (including ability to cope with the stressors of printing - shear, compression, decompression, pH, T°C, osmolarity, light energy, etc.) and subsequent behaviour - proliferation, quiescence, differentiation, death (all forms), transdifferentiation, and ultimately ability to form multicellular tissue.
References
Datta, P., Ozbolat, V., Ayan, B., Dhawan, A., & Ozbolat, I. T. (2017). Bone tissue bioprinting for craniofacial reconstruction. Biotechnology and Bioengineering , 114 (11), 2424-2431.
Gao, G., & Cui, X. (2016). Three-dimensional bioprinting in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Biotechnology Letters , 38 (2), 203-211.
Kang, H. W., Lee, S. J., Ko, I. K., Kengla, C., Yoo, J. J., & Atala, A. (2016). A 3D bioprinting system to produce human-scale tissue constructs with structural integrity. Nature Biotechnology , 34 (3), 312.
Kolesky, D. B., Homan, K. A., Skylar-Scott, M. A., & Lewis, J. A. (2016). Three-dimensional bioprinting of thick vascularized tissues. Proceedings of the national academy of sciences , 113 (12), 3179-3184.
Zhang, Y. S., Yue, K., Aleman, J., Mollazadeh-Moghaddam, K., Bakht, S. M., Yang, J., ... & Dokmeci, M. R. (2017). 3D bioprinting for tissue and organ fabrication. Annals of biomedical engineering , 45 (1), 148-163.
