In the workplace, everyone contributes to the organization’ s culture . As a result, everyone is responsible for how culture affects others. Toxic masculinity in the workplace does not affect women only but all the people involved. Toxic masculinity refers to the harmful social norms or attitudes on how men ought to behave (Samulowitz et al., 2018). It leads to issues such as misogyny, violence and various mental problems (Martin, 2001). Social norms are the unseen social standards that people follow to fit in and have a sense of belonging in a context. Gender norms are similar to social norms but they are specific behaviors that show that one belongs to a certain gender (Kennedy, Pierson, & Thomson, 2016). Men should not cry or openly show pain, for example, are gender norms related to men that may make boys and men suppress their emotions instead of handling them healthily (Samulowitz et al., 2018). The idea of toxic masculinity does not condemn attributes related to men. Rather, it emphasizes the negative impact of conforming to some conduct that is related to masculinity, which includes dominance and competition.
In Money and Ehrhardt's model, gender identity in adults is a product of biological and environmental factors (Pleck, 1975). However, scholars in gender propose that social structures develop and reinforce gender-related behavior. Just like race, gender is a system of differentiation operational at the personal, associational and organization platforms. As a result, masculinity and femininity cannot be seen as just different aspects but with similar value. Rather, they both show a gender system where masculine is accorded higher status and power compared to feminism. Far from being seen as a biologically endowed thing, gender shows a socially developed and enforced dimension of inequality (Sculos, 2017). In most cultures throughout the globe, males are seen as men through dominance by implementing control over other people and resisting control by other people. Hegemonic masculinity is the most culturally respected type pf masculinity where it is not only honored when implemented by men individually but also by men collectively (Connell & Messerschmidt, 2005). All this indicates that the problem of toxic masculinity is a global problem that needs to be addressed especially in the workplace where men show their dominance through work. Although men and women appear different in their personalities in many ways, differences in gender are a result of perceived gender roles, socialization, and socio-structural power (Schmitt et al., 2017).
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According to Connell & Messerschmidt (2005), toxic practices propagate hegemonic masculinity. The authors state that activities such as physical violence may strengthen male dominance over females in Western societies (Connell & Messerschmidt, 2005). She emphasizes that these salient aspects of hegemonic masculinity and not, in all cases, define features. Toxic masculinity is therefore caused by sticking to the traditional roles of men that limit emotions that they are permitted to show. It also includes social expectations in which men dominate and restrict their emotions to anger. A number of these masculine behaviors can lead to negative effects such as violence and promiscuity in different contexts. The current world does not require men who can fight a bull but one who can communicate (Biddulph, 2018). The issue of masculine toxicity also affects disabled men. Masculinity is linked to being independent, while disability, on the other hand, is associated with being dependent. According to scholars evaluating the intersection between gender and disability, they propose that there exists a conflict between disability and masculinity (Shuttleworth et al., 2012). Therefore, the conflict creates a dilemma for men who are disabled. Since they are dependent on others contrary to masculinity, they might feel that they are fewer men.
Toxic masculinity has become a major problem in almost all contexts; from workplaces, homes, schools to health care delivery. Different studies attempt to explain and address the issues of toxic masculinity. McDermott (2019) states that psychological research on men and masculinity has increased significantly over the years to incorporate various cultural and behavioral factors. In studying masculine toxicity, masculine gender role strain theories are dominant because most studies link masculine toxicity to various individual, association and societal issues (Wong et al., 2010). However, new inquiries indicate that if negative masculinity is the root cause of problems, healthy masculinities can help in minimizing the negative impacts associated with problem. Kennedy (2016) argues that in addressing the problem of conflict, gender should be integrated even in post-conflict governance. Toxic masculinity in the workplace restricts both men and women (Martin, 2001). Workplaces with toxic masculinity cultures promote competitions in which the winners show stereotypically masculine behavior that includes being emotionally tough and physical stamina. As a result, women and men whom colleagues consider 'not men enough' suffer. The action leads to problems, such as depression, reduced psychological safety, discrimination based on people's gender, and sexual assault/harassment. Feminine values that include caretaking and those related to balancing work and life are highly discouraged. As a result, men strive to display their masculinity so that they fit in the cultural expectations/definition of a man at workplaces.
Although men and women in the workplace may perceive their interactions as being devoid of the influence of gender roles, the behavior, perceptions, and reactions of men and women in the workplace tend to be based on gender (Martin 2001). The current study is necessitated by the fact that toxic masculinity may hamper the performance of an organization. According to Berdahl, Cooper, Glick, Livingston, and Williams (2018), toxic masculinity paralyzes operations in the workplace. When work becomes a masculinity contest, priorities are continually reordered, employees worry that their team would be dissolves, and projects become abandoned (Berdahl et al., 2018). Workplaces thrive on teamwork, therefore, when employees become pitted against each other, coordination is compromised. Iwamoto, Brady, and Kaya (2018) affirm that the sprout of a workplace culture that is centered on masculinity elevates the predisposition of workers to depression, which equally contribute to the decline in the productivity of workers. Stergiou-Kita et al. (2016) assert that since gender issues may influence the implementation of safety practices and increase the occupational health risk, addressing toxic masculinity is paramount.
Background
A vast body of research striving to elucidate the relationship between men and women, and how gender interaction alters the productivity of employees has been conducted (Stergiou-Kita et al. (2016). According to Sculos (2017), everyone is afraid of the ramifications of toxic masculinity in the workplace. Afraid is used in this context, not in the emotional sense, but the perception that everyone is threated by toxic masculinity either on an individual capacity or more broadly. The consequence of toxic masculinity is experienced by the men that practice it and the women that are victimized by the endeavor (Sculos, 2017). The need to address toxic masculinity in the workplace stems from the explore consequence associated with the practice.
Gaetano (2018) outlining the findings of a study published in the Harvard Business Review, asserts that organizations that condone a masculinity contest culture produces toxic leaders, demonstrates low family and work support, low psychological safety, and burnout. Furthermore, the workforce exhibits an elevated predisposition to illness, depression, absenteeism, and turnover rates (Fleming, Lee, Dworkin, 2014). Berdahl, Glick, and Cooper (2018) affirm that from firms such as CBS to Nike to Uber, bullying, sexual harassment, and misconduct stemming from toxic masculinity is prevalent. In this regard, the problem is a contemporary corporate problem that requires urgent solutions.
Problem Statement
The problem this study addresses is the potentially deleterious psychological effects of toxic masculinity among African American males who adhere to these norms in the workplace. Principally, masculinity can be psychologically harmful (Iwamoto et al., 2018). In most traditional societies, men are depicted as masculine and beings with an added advantage compared to women ( Schmitt et al., 2017) . The socialization for conforming to the traditional masculinity has limited the psychological development of men and boys, constrain their behavior and at the end, result in gender role conflict as well as strain. According to Iwamoto et al. (2018), while men demonstrate a low prevalence to depression, 10% - 40% of men experience major depression. In the United States, more than six million males in the United States suffer depression with high rates of suicide compared to women (Mahalik, Good, Tager, Levant & Mackowiak, 2012). In light of the gender roles that surround treatment-seeking among men, the severity of depression episodes in men tend to be underrepresented (McKenzie, Collings, Jenkin, & River, 2018).
Psychosocial, emotional wellbeing can be approached from the needs theory perspective. In this case, people achieve psycho-social emotional wellbeing when specific psychological needs are met (McDermott et al., 2018). In the hierarchy of these needs, the most basic needs must be met first. The basic needs are psychological, followed by security and safety needs, love or affiliation needs, esteem needs and self-actualization needs, respectively (Ojedokun & Idemudia, 2014). If there is a problem with these needs, traditional masculinity can be psychologically harmful.
There are numerous potential negative consequences to the field or stakeholders if the proposed research to address the problem is never conducted. If the determinants of men’s psychological health and the severity of conditions continue receiving little attention, men’s life expectancy will continue decreasing from the current figure, which is three years less than the life expectancy of women (Springer & Mouzon, 2011).
Purpose Statement
Study Method
The study will employ the quantitative method to examine whether traditional masculinity can be psychologically harmful in the workplace. Despite there being numerous articles about masculinity and psychology, there exists a literature gap in how toxic masculinity in the workplace impedes treatment seeking, elevating the severity of psychological conditions in the African American male populace, thus warranting the need for the current study. This part forms the foundation of the thesis (Lewkowicz, 2012).
Study Design
The paper will adopt a meta-analysis study design where different researches will be critiqued and informed conclusions sourced from them. Similarly, to the study method, meta-analysis is often used among psychological studies (Lloyd, Schmidt, Khondoker, & Tchanturia, 2015; Cusack et al., 2016). The sample size for the study will be 55 credible research articles published within the last five years. Also, the Gene Glass’s approach will be used in the determination of the effect size.
Constructs/Variables
From the nature of the study, the primary variables are masculinity and various psychologically harmful in the workplace tendencies such as capitalism, leadership, reporting, vulnerability and transparency as defined by Sculos (2017) in his article on toxic masculinity.
Target population
The target population of the study is men whose masculinity can be defined on the basis of stoic confidence, sense of superiority for being a man, resenting emotional expression, and feeling of entitlement and adherence to the perception that a woman cannot be in a position of leadership. This will guide the type of studies to be used for the study as they have to be about the nature of masculinity.
Research Setting
The research will be conducted in a place with ample impact to community leaders such as Health Care Insurance Networks that will aid in the search for articles of interest in the databases, as mentioned above.
Sampling Frame
The study will adopt articles that are published in English, entail a particular aspect of toxic masculinity, and are published no later than 2009.
Sampling Method
To locate the articles, purposive sampling will be used, where only articles that meet the above criteria will be used in the study (Etikan, Musa, & Alkassim, 2016).
Sample Size
Thorlund & Mills (2012) support the adoption of a priori estimate for calculating the sample size in a direct meta-analysis. Adequacy in sample size in a meta-analysis leads to a power analysis for the study (Thorlund, Anema, & Mills, 2010). In the context of this study, 55 studies will be analyzed.
Data Collection Method
Data collection will entail criticizing each of the articles that make it to the sample size. As it is a meta-analysis, tools such as the questionnaire become obsolete. The study will use secondary data from published articles in notable databases such as Library.NCU.edu, Google Scholar and PubMed, since this method is common among psychological researches (Wong, Steinfeldt, Speight, & Hickman, 2010; Schrok & Schwalbe, 2009).
Data Analysis Method
The analysis of the data will use both descriptive and inferential statistics (Hinton, McMurray, & Brownlow, 2014). The effect size is calculated using the Gene Glass’s approach (Yu, n.d.). The inferential statistics technique that will be employed is hypothesis testing because it enables the determination of whether the difference is statistical significant.
Software to be used for Analysis
The data collected will be analyzed using the SPSS computer software.
Closing Statement as to how the Study results may inform Theory
The findings from the study can, later on, be used to develop effective interventions for the traditional masculinity in the workplace. Also, the results may indicate a gap in knowledge that has often been overlooked by researchers in the psychological field.
Research Questions
Qualitative Research Questions
Taking an individual’s adherence to “ toxic masculinity ” into account, to what extent are men willing to seek treatment for psychological conditions?
How does stigmatization hinder men from seeking mental medical services?
Are society expectations putting pressure on men elevating their predisposition to mental health problems?
In the opinion of men who adhere to “ toxic masculinity ” in varying extents, does the contemporary workplace environment contain pitfalls that reinforce gender roles?
Quantitative Research Questions
In a randomly selected sample of African American male workers, how many will be inclined to seek mental health services?
What are the suicide rates among working African American men in the United States?
What does data show on numbers of men with African American descent struggling with stress, depression, and anxiety related to work?
What is the cost of mental health care, and does it hinder African American males from seeking healthcare services?
Hypotheses
Null hypothesis : The number of African American men who adhere to toxic masculinity in the workplace seeking mental healthcare is very low coupled with an increased suicide rates depending on an individual’s degree of adherence to “ toxic masculinity ” and gender roles..
Alternative Hypothesis : The number of working African American men with varying adherence to “ toxic masculinity ” in the workplace seeking mental healthcare services is high as they do not fear issues of social stigmatization.
Null hypothesis : In a random sample of men, score on a toxic masculinity scale significantly predicts willingness to seek mental health services.
Alternative Hypothesis : In a random sample of men, the score on a toxic masculinity scale does not significantly predict willingness to seek mental health services .
The null hypothesis can be tested and proven through research data, which indicates the number of men who commit suicide in comparison to the total number of people who commit suicide in the United States. The rates of men who seek mental health care can also be established, and factors that hinder it. According to Wong (2019), the number of people who commit suicide in the world is about 800,000, with 500,000 being men. It is an indication that men are highly affected by mental issues problems, opting to commit suicide since they are faced with stigma, which affects seeking mental healthcare. In the United States, men commit 75 % of suicidal deaths (Wong, 2019). The fears of seeking mental healthcare are related to financial and career concerns. Men are held by masculinity and manhood believes, where holding down a job indicates the ability to take care of the family (Schrock & Schwalbe, 2009). If they do not live to the standards, they consider themselves a failure. It thus explains the high rates of mental health problems among working men.
Research Method and Design
The study will adopt review of the literature research as the method of study.. The design will be used to extensively examine, critique, and draw conclusions from various studies on the topic. By applying a rigorous inclusion and exclusion criteria credible sources that have tolerable limitations will be integrated into the current study.
Appropriateness of Reviewing Literature and Meta-Analysis Study Design
A review of literature is cost-effective since getting information is less expensive than if primary research was to be contacted in the field. Besides, secondary sources are easy to access. In the course of reviewing secondary literature, a broad spectrum of information can be gathered on the topic, the effect of toxic masculinity on psychological health and mental health care-seeking among working African American males; hence, enabling in-depth exploration of the research question (Pleck, 1995). In this case, the purpose of the study would be accomplished. Furthermore, the problem will be addressed since; recommendation will be based on reliable findings. The meta-analysis study design is more reliable results are based on controlled clinical conditions. Thus, the method and study design are wholly appropriate for the study.
How the Proposed Method and Design Are Relevant To the Study
The study methods are ideal since they promote the exploration of the available plethora of research articles on the effects of toxic masculinity in the workplace.. The adopted methodological approaches will foster drawing of sound conclusion concerning the topic (Cheng & Phillips, 2014). The meta-analysis study design is ideal for this study since it offers reliable findings that are based on controlled conditions. The clinical trials in this design enhance the reliability and validity of findings and thus, the conclusion on the topic. The research method exposes the research to a wide range of perspectives, studies and findings concerning the effect of masculinity at the workplace. Thus, they can compare their findings and therefore determine the impact of masculinity at the workplace. The researcher can also see how other researcher have answered the questions and therefore, also ascertain an ideal outcome for the research question.
Support for the Proposed Study Design
The meta-analysis study design is effective in promoting incisive exploration of the topic of study, since it is an evidence-based approach (Shin, 2017). The method entails amalgamating ideas and results from various studies on a similar topic, to generate a pool of information that warrants in-depth examination of the impact of toxic masculinity (Ahn & Kang, 2018). The fact that the study design encompasses clinical guidelines renders it is a reliable source of evidence for the topic (Rao et al., 2017). Findings can be integrated to answer the research question and accept or reject the aforementioned hypotheses (Van Aert et al., 2019). Therefore, the proposed design is wholly appropriate for the research.
Data Gathering Techniques, Data Analysis, and Sample Size
Data in this study will be gathered by analysing credible and peer-reviewed studies on the topic, by browsing the internet. This study will necessitate visiting sites such as Google Scholar, PubMed, and the Library, NCU.edu. The approach would warrant collection of a vast array of information (Metzger et al., 2018). Data from these sources will be tested using inferential statistics and descriptive. The inferential statistics technique that will be employed is hypothesis testing, because it will enable the determination of whether the difference in the mean of studies that present a positive correlation between toxic masculinity and psychological ill-health among men and studies that refute this stance, is statistical significant. This data analysis method is ideal since the concept under study majorly incorporates human experiences that cannot be quantified (Nowell et al., 2017).
The sample will include 55 studies about the concept of toxic masculinity. This is a justifiable sample size because the study area is broad. Therefore, by incorporating many studies, the topic, toxic masculinity in the workplace, can be explore in-depth without bias(Hickey et al., 2018).The sample size is ideal because a very large sample size would be overwhelming, thus, compromising attention to detail (Uttley, 2019). Conversely, if the sample size is too small, it will undermine the reliability and validity of findings (Vasileiou et al, 2018). Effect size will be measured using Gene Glass’s approach. The model encompasses subtracting the mean of treatment group (studies that revealed a positive correlation between toxic masculinity and men’s psychological ill-health) from mean of the control group (studies that demonstrated negligible correlation between adherence to toxic masculinity and men’s predisposition to psychological conditions. The outcome is then divided by the standard deviation of the control group.
A Theory that is Applicable to the Topic
The theoretical framework for this study will anchored on the theory of gender order. The theory of gender order, also called Connell’s theory of masculinity, was advanced by Raewyn Connell to explain gender order in performance and material practices in a society; and the subsequent effect of these stratifications on power relations between women and men. According to Mambrol (2017), the theory is an extension of Jill Matthews’ work on construction of femininity. Notably, the theory states that every society distinguished between men and women, but the variation of the distinction differs from one society to another.
According to Wedgwood (2009), most scholars that have sought to explore the impact of masculinity have neglected the imperative influence of psychoanalysis and the utilization of life history case approach, the concept of cathexis, and non-hegemonic forms of masculinity. In this regard, adopting the theory in its wholesomeness would be crucial in exploring the effect of toxic masculinity in context of the contemporary workplace. Emphasis are placed on contemporary workplace settings because numerous legislations have been implemented to foster equity in the workplace. On such legal provision is affirmative action (Wedgwood, 2009). By building on this theoretical framework, this study will determine how such distinctions translate to differences in psychological wellness of African American male workers.
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Appendix
Appendix 1: Annotated Bibliography
There have always been mixed reactions over the people living in a given cultural context developed from individuals’ toxic behavior within the society (Rising, 2018). It is out of the paradigm that I chose to complete my dissertation on the spectrum of toxic patriarchy. The society has long been defined on its overarching archetype depended on values, family, institutional settings, social structures and its laws (Ansorg and Haastrup, 2018). Traditionally, women know who their child is as well as the father to their children (Azzolina, 2019). Bettman (2018) state that for the men to assert that particular children are theirs; they must have had absolute dominance and control over the women before their pregnancy, during the conception period and continued until she is above the childbearing age. The outgrowth of the principle mentioned above has ripple effects since ancient times until the present at every level of society.
While today science has helped solve the issue of paternity, the toxic symptoms of patriarchy associated to the paradigms are still fresh within the society (Carrera-Fernández et al., 2018). Since the toxic patriarchy created from masculinity is a significant problem in our society; the dissertation research will help bring it out to the light, examine its causes and deconstruct the norm. The male gender has long been viewed as superior and preferred most for passing the family’s legacy or lineage in a patriarchy paradigm (David, 2017). In patriarchal societies, equality has not been a concern since the ancient periods. According to Dube (2018), the need for male gender to control and dominate the female gender not only for legacy purposes but also to decide on who is the right child passed through. The exercise has created unhealthy hierarchies in the society presently referred to as the toxic patriarchy. The paper presents an annotated bibliography of the spectrum of toxic patriarchy to be used in the dissertation research.
Veissiere, P. S. L. (2018). “Toxic Masculinity” in the age of #Me Too: ritual, morality and gender archetypes across cultures. Society and Business Review, Vol. 13 (3), 274-286, doi: 10.1108/SBR-07-2018-0070
In the Brazilian societal version gender roles are underpinned on the people's sexuality. The article depicts in detail on sex workers in the Brazilian context where women are not allowed to ask and bargain over their pay; men are explicitly not willing to pay as well. The repeatedly told stories in the society are per-formative to bringing the world into being what it looks like in the present day (Engleman, 2019). The purpose of the article is aimed at examining the recent toxic masculinity in common assumptions established on morality and gender relations. In methodology, the author revisits the transnational sexualities on his earlier fieldwork against a broad historical analysis and evolutionary of the records in place. The author argues that toxic masculinity is normatively useful when presented alongside other gender paradigms. The article problematic is displayed when the author concludes that stoic virtue models created when initiating boys give normative commitments for the society that values and looks at male gender as more preferring to the female gender. In recommendation, the author attributes that the toxic paradigm of male and female gender should provide a clear foundation for the future practices and morals of boys and girls.
Barker, G. (2016). Male violence or patriarchal violence? Global Trends in Men and Violence: Sexualidad, Salud y Sociedad, pp. 316-330
Previous research and policies have dwelt much on the use of violence against the female gender instead of patriarchal violence (Barker, 2016). The author argues that there is a need to look into the cause of gender violence by examining patriarchal violence based on composite power affairs. The purpose of the article is presenting a simplistic repressive archetypal aimed at preventing gender inequalities. The methodology applied is the use of a theoretical framework to analyze the literature shown on gender violence among male and female sexuality. The author, in his findings, argues that male gender is prone to violence against women; the ideology of masculinity associated to superiority starts earlier in the child's life when the boys are attached to manhood activities. The heavily modulated traditions have been obeyed and followed by many without questioning on their validity and significance in the contemporary world. The author gives a future recommendation asserting that income inequality should be checked first before proceeding with correcting the mess created by gender violence against women. The article is problematic in the sense that it calls for holding accountable those responsible for building patriarchal power systems that turn a blind eye on gender and sexuality abusing women.
Wetherell, M. & Edley, N. (2014). A discursive psychological framework for analyzing men and masculinities: American Psychological Association , Vol. 15 (4), 355-364
The article promotes and describes a discursive psychological (DP) tactic of studying male gender and masculinity. The author presents their research findings on toxic patriarchy before comparing and contrasting to other scholars’ argumentations over the topic. DP treats masculinity as a set of practices developed and actively negotiated in relations to another identifiable form of cultural contexts different than an essence to be exposed (Harris, 2018). Male gender is the main perpetrator of sexual and physical violence against women. Violence against children depending on the child’s sexuality has led to boys receiving more serve punishment by adults as compared to the girl child. The motive creates bitterness among the boy child who grows with the mindset of revenging against the female gender in their adulthood hence violence. Gender based violence is rooted in masculinity. The purpose of the article is to outline how discursive psychology distinct itself from other traditional theories on gender and sexuality. Descriptive analysis is used in presenting the methodology of research. More detailed information is given on gender and sexuality, which is significant in explaining the spectrum of toxic patriarchy expected for the dissertation. However, the article presentation lacks the support of statistical facts to support the literature presented.
Sculos, B. W. (2017). Who is afraid of toxic masculinity? Class, Race and Corporate Power: U.S. Labor and Social Justice, Vol. 5 (3), doi: 10.25148/CRCP.5.3.006517
Everyone is worried about toxic masculinity, whether they openly know it or not. It does not mean that all human beings are fearful of the indifferent brought by masculinity or the effects caused; instead, every person feels the threat of toxic patriarchy. The author argues that toxic masculinity is used to explain loosely interrelated societal norms, behaviors and beliefs associated with the male gender and oppresses the female gender. Among the norms, practices and beliefs related to masculinity, oppressing women are individualistic self-sufficiency, hyper-competitiveness, the glorification of violence against women and sexism. The ideologies could be used to restrict increased challenges against women giving them chances to rule and not just serving in minor and casual lob positions like the kitchen and other homestead activities The purpose of the article is to explore the tendency of distinct causes of male gender perception of masculinity over women. The piece incorporates a literature review as the methodology towards completing the research. Several journals have been quoted in the article as the author proves worth other peoples' work on the topic. Different findings have been made in the article reached by analysis distinct variables about gender and masculinity. As such, the article presents its strength by using both literature and statistical figures to support the research.
Risam, R. (2015). Toxic Feminity 4.0: English Faculty Publications, Paper 2 . Vol. 20 (4-6)
Human beings live in a world filled with toxic threats, including earthquakes, nuclear disasters, and tsunamis, among others. Beyond the physical environment, people are worried about toxic food, and how to cope with toxic relationships. The internet gives limelight of what is happening across the world associated with toxic relationships based on masculinity. The purpose of the article is a showcase on how the internet can be used as a tool to contain the reported toxic conditions starting from physical issues to emotional ones. The methodology incorporated in the study is the first review of social media platforms by the author and relate it to the literature information about the topic. The finding presented is that twitter, Facebook and Instagram social media platforms have presently reported 75% of toxic issues across the world. The same platforms can be used in containing the vices across the globe by educating the public gender equality and benefits of viewing women as effective as their male counterparts. The problem in the article arises when the author suggests that feminist counter-attacking waves be strengthened through multicultural practices to neutralize the male archetypes of patriarchy. The author recommends the use of the internet in promoting required gender-based actions and reactions for both boy and girl child in the future.
Streufert, M. J., Blasi, M., Crist, J., Graybill, R., & Yip, M. (2018). Responses to the ELCA “Draft social statement on women and justice:” Dialogue: A Journal of Theology , 57 (3), 202–210. https://doi.org/10.1111/dial.12418
It should be understood that gender means endowing women in political, economic and social platforms equal to the male. According to the author, world health organization (WHO) acknowledges that violence against women is highly determined by the social determinants, including weak governance, cultural practices, poor ruling and societal gender norms adopted. The gender violence matters should be given priority across the globe when addressing patriarchy paradigm. Streufert, Blasi, Crist, Graybill, and Yip argued that societal leadership had strong forces to overturn what the tradition had hold for long periods ago. If women are accorded with political and economic positions with equal and fair room to contest will purely fit and deliver as men could have done. Socially, women have proved more powerful than their male counterparts and gathered many people around themselves. The purpose of the article is depicting violence used against the female gender. The methodology presented in the research article is a descriptive analysis of gathered data about gender violence and matters related to masculinity. The finding asserts that clear data on violence committed against women is visible across different States in the world. However, very few information is available related to toxic patriarchy and how it impacts on the female gender.
Lennon, S. (2017). Using critical and post-critical pedagogies to pick at the seams of patriarchy from 'the inside: Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education , 38 (3), 377–388. https://doi.org/10.1080/01596306.2017.1306983
Western theories and practices of patriarchy have been experienced and culturally elaborated by most of the male theorists who opted to ignore the traditional call for ignoring women arenas. The author argues that feminists call for equality in the existing political or theological frameworks fail to get served justice for the issues at stake. Feminist theories established in the 1970s believed that religious sacred was the primary goal for women a product of superseded reason (Kaunda and Pokol, 2019). The author examines soberly his own story giving many examples of feminist actions and toxic masculinity in his cultural context.. The purpose of the article is to demonstrate the impact of toxic patriarchy on women gender by revisiting the Freudian approach to the sacred religious believers, presenting a gendered critique of suppositions. Literature review of other scholars' research studies is incorporated as the methodology tactic in writing the article. The author recommends the use of religious teachings to control gender practices and end the violence against women in the future.
Engleman, M. (2019). The Man They Wanted Me to Be: Toxic Masculinity and a Crisis of Our Own Making. Library Journal , 144 (3), 96–108.
Globalism shifts labor as societies experience progressivism changes from traditional manufacturing; gender roles as prescribed by our fore fathers since the Industrial Revolution have become outdated. Moreover, male gender mentality over masculinity as a sign of superiority over the female gender has remained dominance in some parts of the world. The male child has always been brought up as a hard person to complain or fear anything unlike the girl child who is encouraged to cry out her problems. The instilled motives to the boy child in the earlier ages have led to the establishment of present masculinity practices and different roles played between the male and female gender. The purpose of the article is demonstrate in detailed on how childhood bringing of boy child and girl child had given male gender privileges to grow abusive and violence in the adulthood in regards to their masculinity.. The author argues that the difference in bringing out the boy and girl child contributes significantly to the gender violence practices by the subject in their adulthood. The problem exhibited in the article is the fact that toxic masculinity can be addressed as a psychological, historical and sociological challenge. In recommendation, the author asserts that children be given equal opportunities from their tender ages.
