Vulvar cancer is a type of cancer that affects skin surrounding the urethra, vaginal opening, and clitoris. Statistical reports in the United States (.U.S) show that vulvar cancer accounts for an estimate of seven percent of the cancers female reproductive organ and approximately 0.8 % of cancers that occur in women. In the U.S, for every 333 female, one is at risk of developing vulvar cancer at any stage in their life. According to the American Cancer Society (2018), it is approximated that by the end of 2019, about six thousand and seventy of cancers of vulvar will be diagnosed, and another one thousand, two hundred and eighty women may die owing to the cancer of vulvar. This paper is aimed at reviewing the article titled “ About Vulvar Cancer ,” and written by the American Cancer Society. An assessment of the article will be carried out on the basis of biasness, relevance of sources, referencing among other significant factors.
Question 1: Reputability and Biases
The reputability of this article is varied. First, all the references are drawn from one single site, which makes it bias. From the first page, all the statistical data and references are drawn from the American Cancer Society. Subsequent subheading such as types of cancer all entail links that reference the same American Cancer Society. As much as it is necessary to provide references for all statistical information and all literature used, it is advisable to seek information from varied sources and combine them to make one comprehensive article.
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Question 2: References
Referencing of all academic work is key to research and article writing. Referencing, besides helping avoid plagiarism in academic work, facilitates acknowledgement of other writers’ works through your work. In-text citation allows acknowledgement of ideas, words, or research borrowed from other people’s work that will later be indicated on the last page of the article.
There are different types of referencing styles, such as the American Psychology Association style (A.PA) and Modern Language Association (M.L.A). The referencing style is chosen depends on the type of paper being written. Most Scientific papers are referenced in A.P.A. format while M.L.A. is majorly applied in Arts and history papers. Referencing is used to respect the intellectual property rights of the researcher of the borrowed information.
Through references, substantial evidence is provided to support the assertions and claims in the given academic or research work. Citing experts from the area chosen topic gives confirmation that one is sure about what they are citing. Citations give more room for navigation in the chosen discipline and allow effective persuasion of the reader.
The work has been referenced, majorly in the areas of statistics and in what is new in vulvar cancer research and treatment. The only problem encountered is all studies explored are from a single source, which would otherwise be better to incorporate multiple sources.
Question 3: Study groups
Research drawn from a large population is essential in arriving at a conclusion and formulating a solution. The quality of research corresponds to the size of the sample of the chosen population. More data is accrued from a large sample size hence enhancing the overall quality of the study. From this study, it is evident that the author borrowed a lot of statistical information from the research conducted by the American Cancer Society. From the link provided, there is evidence of the involvement of large sample size in the research. The research presented cases of vulvar cancer from almost all states of America; the sample size also cut across women of varied ages starting from younger to the older. Large group research samples may present with disadvantages like more capital investment and high time consumption Involvement of the large means more information was collected, analyzed, before formulating a reasonable solution. Hence advocacy for large group research sample is essential.
Question 4: C harts and T ables
Use of diagrammatic presentations such as tables, figures, charts and info-graphics is encouraged while presenting research. Their applicability depends on the various variables being compared in the analysis. Researchers apply figures and tables while presenting the bulk of detailed information. Majorly, figures encompass key natural trends and description of basic concepts. Conclusions too may be drawn from the statistics. Application of statistical charts and tables help support conclusions and illustrate key concept (Van den Eynden & Corti, 2016) . Tables are applicable while comparing numbers or in summarizing ideas. Graphical presentations delineate selected figures while revealing trends (Van den Eynden & Corti, 2016) .
In light of the article, application of tables was essential. The statistical links provided depicts how the presentation of the data was accomplished in a coherent, logical, and easy to understand manner. The tables show different types of cancer and their prevalence in different states. The graphical presentation of the probability of occurrence, dying, and survival of cancer patients give the reader an easy time of synthesizing the information. Application of a diagram of female genitalia was crucial in showing the audience what exact parts are affected by vulvar cancer. This reinforces the discussion and helps the audience to understand the necessary information.
Question 4: Relevance of references
On reviewing the work referenced, there are links to websites encompassing different information that was incorporated into the article. The first link leads to another page of the same website that details the varied links with information relevant and necessary to the development of this article. The second link entails the statistical data pertinent to comparing different parameters on matters vulvar cancer. The third link leads to various causes and predisposing factors for cancer of the Vulvar. Through this link, one gets to learn how to identify molecular alterations that contribute to the emergence of cancer of the vulvar, and to identify molecular targets for medical intervention. The last link entails the major treatment breakthrough that can extensively be explored for the benefit of the patient.
All the articles from the included links played an impeccable role in the development of this article. The information on the articles formed the basis of the article explored. The statistical records on one of the links provide a foundation for discussion and comparison, hence making them highly relevant
Question 5: Article and works cited
Among the articles referenced, one, written by Palisoul et al. ( 2017) seeks to identify better tools for diagnosis and evaluation of the applicability of sentinel lymph node biopsy in the management of patients with vulvar cancer. This article presents a case of forty-one patients who through retrospective evaluation were found to be having vulvar cancer (Sakae et al., 2016) . After conduction of the S.L.N. biopsy on twelve patients who were at stage I to stage III of the disease, all those who were found to be SLN-negative showed no evidence of disease after medication (Covens et al., 2015) . After patients were exposed to various tests such as lymphadenectomy and M.R.I, a conclusion was drawn that minimally invasive surgical procedures after preoperative evaluation on Magnetic Resonance Imaging and S.L.N. Biopsy is a feasible strategy for patients with cancer of vulvar. The other two sources incorporated were aimed at assessing better treatment options for individuals with cancer of vulvar.
Vulvar cancer contributes six percent of all cancer cases that are found in women based in the U.S. Little research, and medical intervention has been approved for this cancer owing to its rareness. With technological advancement, an investigation has been started to prevent and treat this cancer. Most promising developments include scientific insights on how the oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes are involved in the control of cell growth and how alterations in the gene composition can affect healthy body cells to turn cancerous (Rao et al., 2017) .
Different sources have been incorporated into the development of this article. Most of the references have been drawn from the organizational websites and peer-reviewed sources, rendering them valid for assimilation into this article. Graphical figures and tables have been used in the links referenced to offer a comprehensive comparison of the prevalence of different cancers in different states. The use of a diagram to illustrate organs of the female reproductive system affected by this cancer was strategic and useful. This is because it reinforces the description of the parts of the reproductive system affected.
References
American Cancer Society (2018). About Vulvar Cancer . Retrieved from https://www.cancer.org/content/dam/CRC/PDF/Public/8868.00.pdf
Covens, A., Vella, E., Kennedy, E., Reade, C., Jimenez, W., & Le, T. (2015). Sentinel lymph node biopsy in vulvar cancer: Systematic review, meta-analysis and guideline recommendations. Gynecologic Oncology , 137 (2), 351-361. Doi: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2015.02.014
Palisoul, M., Mullen, M., Feldman, R., & Thaker, P. (2017). Identification of molecular targets in vulvar cancers. Gynecologic Oncology , 146 (2), 305-313. Doi: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2017.05.011
Rao, Y., Hui, C., Chundury, A., Schwarz, J., DeWees, T., & Powell, M. et al. (2017). Which patients with inoperable vulvar cancer may benefit from brachytherapy in addition to external beam radiation? A Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results analysis. Brachytherapy , 16 (4), 831-840. Doi: 10.1016/j.brachy.2017.03.012
Sakae, C., Yamaguchi, K., Matsumura, N., Nakai, H., Yoshioka, Y., & Kondoh, E. et al. (2016). Groin lymph node detection and sentinel lymph node biopsy in vulvar cancer. Journal of Gynecologic Oncology , 27 (6). Doi: 10.3802/jgo.2016.27.e57
Van den Eynden, V., & Corti, L. (2016). Advancing research data publishing practices for the social sciences: from archive activity to empowering researchers. International Journal on Digital Libraries , 18 (2), 113-121. Doi: 10.1007/s00799-016-0177-3
