Labor for plantation
Indentured servants received their passage pays from England, food shelter, and clothing once they reached their colonies. Their contracts would last for a period of between one to seven years.
Capture and Shipment of Slaves to the Americas
The African leaders made sure that the supply of slaves was met as they were in high demand. They traded prisoners and in turn, benefited heavily on the trade. King Afonso's rule was faced with many uncertainties as to the King of Congo, and as he condemned the actions of Portuguese people on the people of Congo, and this affected his reign. He wrote numerous letters to Belgium on the same.
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The Horrors of the Journey
The point of no return was the election of 1860 and the final straw of the coming civil war. The middle passage was the ships crossing the Atlantic from Africa to America with slaves as the cargo. The journey to America took around two to three months with that to Brazil around 35 days. For every 100 slaves, 40 would die during the middle passage.
Demographic, social and Cultural Change
The slave trade radically challenged the African potential to develop. There were different slaves, like house workers or servants and field workers. The experience of Indian Ocean slaves was not different. There was, however, slaves from Indian and other Asian countries.
General
A joint-stock company is a company whose stocks are owned by stakeholders jointly.
Economic Strategies
Europe measured wealth depending on what people owned. Those who were in power, had industries, or had farms were considered rich, with slaves being the poorest. With the strategy, the government would eliminate social and economic inequalities by eliminating unemployment, which was the main root cause.
Commercial Revolution
The four causes of the commercial revolution were the emergence of capitalism, demand to mine coal, European Imperialism, and the effects of the agricultural revolution. Inflation led to a high number of unemployed people. The idea made it possible for companies to make decisions without risking personal assets. Both Spain and Portugal had dominated the new world, and England needed the idea to push them through the new world’s economy. Joint-stock allowed financial risk taken on sponsoring sea voyage to be made less.
Commerce and Finance
Dutch had the advantage of resources as they were on the edge of using capitalism. They were also able to send many ships than England to the new world. The Dutch India Company mainly made its fortune from trading in India, Sri Lanka, and Indonesia. Dutch were the pioneers of finance as their merchants traded in all of the new worlds. They were able to accumulate wealth, therefore, living lavishly. Both France and England were rivals and were financially unstable. They were not able to send many ships to the new world. During the bubble burst, the investors snapped shares of the companies they invested in, bring a state of turmoil during the trade.
England, weapons
Triangular Trade
North America, Cloves
Liberia, slaves
Rivalries for the Indian Ocean Trade
Morocco wanted to control the Trans Saharan trade of gold and salt. During the war, the Moroccans were able to take control of the Songhai Empire using firearms.
Change and continuity in the Trade Network
A monopoly was a situation where businesses would manufacture goods and dominate in the industry and also produce more than its competitors. Through monopoly, Spain was able to collect lots of taxes and as a result, become one of the wealthiest and one of the most exporting countries in the 1800s. Improved shipping allowed many companies to develop, and many countries to venture into new markets.
Effects of the Atlantic Slave Trade
The slave trade led to negative impacts on the West African Kingdoms. It led to the impoverishment of these countries and intensified the effects of what had already been experienced on the continent. Many European traders granted slave-raiding kingdoms guns that they used for raids, they would then sell these slaves and get money in return.
Slavery and Gender
Many women were not preferred during the trade. Their husbands and sons were constantly taken from them. Women constantly suffered to keep pace with the requirements of slavery and often conflicted with their masters, particularly when they gave birth.
Political and Cultural Changes for Indigenous People
The European colonies in America were different in that they were mostly comprised of slaves who were working in the farms brought from Africa and Asia. The slaves were forced to do work and often mistreated.
Political Changes. Colonial Administration
The Spanish governments in new lands integrated viceroys in the Spanish ruling system. They made sure that all the indigenous leaders reported direct to the viceroys who would then report to the king of Spain. The audiences were like the viceroys but not as powerful as viceroys. After the conquest of New Spain, it was difficult for Spain to establish rules due to numerous internal revolts. Semi-sedentary and non-sedentary Indians were also difficult to rule.
Cultural Changes
The first-hand information about Aztec people is highly unreliable as it portrays them as superior people who were using incredible weaponry. The Spanish conquest proved otherwise during their attack in the new world. The remnant of the interaction between Europeans and Latin America are the Mestizos who make up the majority of the Latin America population.
Syncretic Belief in the Americas
In Cuba, the meld resulted in Santeria. In Haiti, the spirit or deity is known as Bwa Kayiman. In Brazil, the dance in honor of the gods is called Candomble. The term Black Church is used to describe the African American Church.
Islam
The arrival of the slaves was significant in the development of many Free states and cities. They provided labor that was used to propel the Americas to greater heights. The arrival of slaves was significant for the development of the United States.
Religion in Latin America
Roman Catholic is the most predominant religion in Latin America and arrived there through the Spanish conquest of the religion in the last millennium.
Global interactions and Religious Conflicts
Sufi’s main focus is a renunciation of all worldly things and the purification of the souls. The focus is also on the mystical examination of God’s nature. The Safavid-Ottoman conflict was the last recorded conflict between Safavid Persia and the Ottoman empire from 1623 to 1639, and they were fighting for the control of Mesopotamia. The wars and conflicts between Protestants and catholic when protestant reformations began in the 16 th century, which disrupted the political order of continental Europe.
The resistance of Portugal to Africa
The Ndongo kingdom made allies with Portugal to control the trade at the route and also help Portugal win the war over Jaga. They also served as the mercenary army for Portugal. Once the alliance ended, Ndongo allied to kill or massacre Portuguese at the capital, bringing the infamous Portuguese-Ndongo war.
Local Resistance in Russia
No, their life was inefficient as they found it hard to develop the land. Many peasants were forced to pay loans to the government to acquire the lands that were being bought from landowners in the form of redemption payments. Those that failed to pay the loans were forced into serfs.
Serfdom, power, and Control
Serfs were paying loans to the government and also provided cheap labor in the industries and farms. Serfs were slaves in that they could be sold the way slaves were sold. They lived in their own masters' homes to serve them.
Cossack and Peasants Rebellion
Cossack was the Tartar group who were semi-independent. They were Turkic speaking group and lived in west-central Russia. The war began with the insurrection of Cossack, who was led by Pugachev, their leader, who was an ex- lieutenant of the Russian army. They were against profound peasants’ unrest and were also in war with ottomans. There was freedom of serfs from their masters, regaining of lands that belonged to serfs and winning of more land from Ottoman empires.
Rebellion in South Asia
The Martha empire came to be a result of the coronation of Shivaji, who was seen as a Chhatrapati the empire, or Martha's greatest achievement was the ending of the Mughal rule in India.
