Geller, W. A., & Karales, K. J. (1981). Split-second decisions: shootings of & by Chicago police. Chicago: Chicago Law Enforcement Study Group.
There are various kinds of human rights violation recently in America; however; Police shooting remains the most extreme of them all. Information is given on civilians’ shootings and on police officers who got shot by civilians, the police, or themselves. Data is given according to the victim and shooter’s race, time and location of the incident, the degree of injury the shooting has caused, criminal charge against civilians, the officer’s rank, off, and on-duty officer’s status, and the type of incident.
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Data examination shows that shootings of police officers by citizens associated 58% of the one hundred and eighty-seven officers shot, while a minimum of 38% of the officers was shot by their co-workers or was found to have self-imposed wounds. A closing analytic study looks for clarifications for the police shootings’ patterns and then provide propositions for shooting regulation policies relevant to future research, weapons and training, policy development, personnel exercise, and policy enforcement areas. Indeed, officers are given the authority to use reasonable, necessary force to do their duties.
Minority civilians who confront the police are highly probable to be armed. African-American opponents are most probable to be armed with a firearm and to be in a group during a clash. Hispanic opponents are likely to be solely, older than other types of opponents, and use knives against police officers. White opponents use motor vehicles to assault and flee from police officers. Recently a report was published showing that officer race did not predict the race of a civilian shot and, additionally, there was no evidence of anti-Black racial disparities among those fatally shot by police.
Police shooting is consistently made known to us all via mass media, but one can never take the time to truly hold on to its extremity till it hits close to home. Over two decades after the occurrence of Rodney King beating, changes have happened in the country’s police division. A study was conducted by the (NPMSRP) National Police Misconduct Statistics and Reporting Project to assess the findings given. An additional objective of the study was to evaluate how the civilians usually view the police and how racism and race form this discussion. Thirty-six benefactors gave narratives to the site of NPMSRP were examined to provide a reaction to the issue.
Knox, D., Lowe, W., & Mummolo, J. (2019). The Bias Is Built In: How Administrative Records Mask Racially Biased Policing. Available at SSRN.
Researchers are increasing alerts about a current study on deadly encounters and race with police officers in America, calling attention to the struggles in assessing racial bias. The study argued that white police officers were no more likely than their Native-American co-workers to shoot minority citizens. But now, other studies prove that the research had many flaws and that it contributes less to the discussion over whether minorities have a higher opportunity of getting shot by police officers than white civilians.
Most studies often do not have the essential information for credibly estimating racial discrimination in policing. In particular, records in the police administration do not have information on civilians that police look at but do not look into. If police officers discriminate o basis of race when deciding on whom to be investigated, analyses using administrative records to estimate racial discrimination in police character are biased statistically, making many quantities of interest unestablished, including among individuals who have been looked into, absent firm and untestable hypotheses.
It is utilizing the principle of stratification in a framework of causal mediation, derivation of the actual kind of the statistical bias that is caused by conventional estimation. Development of a bias-correction step and sharp nonparametric links for race implications, replicate issued results and prove the traditional estimator can hugely underestimate racially-biased levels of policing or mask discrimination entirely. The conclusion was made by outlining a feasible and general plan for future research works that are vigorous to this deducible gin.
Langworthy, R. H. (1986). Police shooting and criminal homicide: the temporal relationship. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 2(4), 377-388.
The research finds that there is no temporal relationship between the incidence of police shooting and the rate of criminal homicide and concludes that the very strong and widely supported cross-sectional correlation between police shooting and criminal homicide is spurious, not causal.
Focusing on officer race in fatal shootings is valid, too, and has practical implications. For instance, he says findings suggest that by merely increasing diversity in police forces might not reduce racial disparities in fatal shootings, even if it leads to an increase in public trust. A better means of looking for bias in a race in police shootings is to contrast the rates of incidence to a benchmark, such as crime or population rates. Findings suggest that merely increasing diversity in police forces might not reduce racial disparities in fatal shootings, even if it leads to an increase in public trust.
Strict review procedures and guidelines appear to have had an essential effect on the frequency and nature of extreme civilian-police savageries in New York City. However, the discipline and prosecution frequency of New York police for using their firearms suggests that administrative measures cannot remove unjustified and unwise shootings. The analysis also shows that shootings of criminal and violent nature by police are frequent among off-duty police officers.
