Vision is one of the ordinary senses and plays a central role in the body as one of the sensorimotor systems. Through imagination, one can get a sense of visual perception of his or her immediate environment, as slight can reflect off the items within the context to create a visual impression. Vision can be described from the perspective of visible spectrums of light, which tend to create some form of the avenue from which to project or create sight. The organ involved in promoting view is the eye, which has the capability and capacity to react to light and pressure from the environments. The human eye has the ability of differentiating up to 10 million colors to help boost one's vision.
Sensorimotor Systems: Vision
Vision refers to the ability for individuals to interpret their immediate environments using visible spectrums of light. The light plays a crucial role in reflecting specific objects within one’s surrounding environment, thus, creating what would be considered as visual perception. The resulting visual impression from the reflection of light on the objects within an individual's environment creates what one may describe as vision or sight. Vision is one of the most important aspects associated with the human body considering it provides individuals with the power of sight (Ho & Schwab, 2001). The eye is the body organ that is responsible for promoting the vision, as it is designed in a way that allows it to react to light and pressure. The focus of this report is to engage in an in-depth analysis of the concept of vision with the emphasis being towards evaluating some of the physiological and psychological underpinnings, structure, function, and cognitive-perceptual.
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Physiological Underpinnings
When reflecting on the physiological underpinning associated with vision, it is essential to evaluate the structure and function of vision, which would help towards gaining a clear understanding of how vision operates. The structure and function also work towards creating a precise analysis of each part of the eye and the varied roles that each of these parts plays towards promoting vision.
Structure
To help get a better understanding of the functionality of the eye, it is essential to understand the structure, which plays a central role towards boosting some form of knowledge concerning the functionality of each part of the eye. Some of the essential components of the eye to understand include:
Cornea - The cornea is a clear and transparent layer that forms the front part of the eye with the sole focus being to cover the iris.
Anterior Chamber – The anterior chamber hosts the Aqueous Humor, which is a bright and watery fluid, which is a crucial part of the eye to help in bathing the lens.
Iris – The iris refers to a pigmented tissue within the eye, which has the sole responsibility of control or limiting the amount of light that comes into the eye to help in creating an accurate image of the objects.
Lens – Lens is a transparent yet biconvex intraocular tissue, which helps in ensuring that the light coming into the eye can focus on the retina as a way of providing that the eye can make out respective images.
Retina – The retina is a light-sensitive nerve tissue, which helps in converting the light rays coming into the eye to electrical impulses to help the brain translate the same effect.
Extraocular Muscles – These are muscles that control different aspects associated with the functioning of the eye to help boost vision.
Figure 1: Structure of the Eye
Function
For one to be able to see or have a sense of visual perception, light reflected from the objects within the surrounding environment must be focused on the retina within the eye with the focus being on ensuring that the image of the object is created to create a vision. Light rays play a central role in promoting the vision, as these rays must be reflected from the objects to the retina to help create what would be considered as visual perception interpreted within the brain system. The focusing of light on the retina within the eye produces a nerve impulse, which is then transmitted to the visual areas within the cerebral cortex of the brain. From there the brain can interpret the objects effectively with the sole focus being on ensuring that it creates the visual perception to allow one to experience some sense of vision.
The ciliary muscle within the eye plays one of the essential roles of promoting the vision, as it helps in contracting or relaxing depending on the distance of the object in question. Filbrich, Alamia, Blandiaux, Burns, & Legrain (2017) point out that the ciliary muscle can contract and relax when one is looking at objects that are close and far respectively, which, in turn, works towards ensuring that the eye can to get a clear reflection of the object. In essence, ciliary muscle works towards providing that the eye can have the expected refractive power, which helps towards boosting vision. For the eye to function effectively, it must be able to refract light rays meeting the eye, which, in turn, plays a critical role towards boosting one’s ability to project vision. In cases where people tend to experience some forms of blindness, which may be considered as short or long sightedness, the central aspect to note is that the eye lacks the capability of refracting light within specific distances leading to a significant challenge in promoting vision.
The chemical, rhodopsin, which is another part of the eye helps in promoting the vision, as it has the capability of generating electrical impulses, which aid in transmitting the image of the objects to the cerebral cortex in the brain. The chemical creates electrical pulses depending on the among of light reflects on the eye with the focus being on creating some form of visual perception. Rhodopsin, which is a Vitamin A derivative, determines whether one may experience what is considered as night blindness arising in cases where one experiences some form of vitamin A deficiency (Moschos, 2014). The other part indicated, in the previous section, is the optic chiasma, which has the function of converting the images from both eyes to form one specific model. Each eye has the capacity and capability of creating its image, thus, building the need for having to converge the images to form one particular image. That is the role of the optic chiasma that seeks to ensure that the image remains accurate regardless of the two different models from the two eyes.
Psychological Underpinnings
When reviewing the mental underpinnings, it becomes essential to reflect on a cognitive-perceptual aspect of vision, as this would help in understanding how one can establish a front for a positive vision.
Cognitive-Perceptual
As has been indicated in the previous section, different parts of the eyes tend to have different roles in ensuring that one can achieve the normal vision. One of the key aspects to note is that the images from the light reflected are then transferred to the brain for purposes of translation. That is where one can observe the occurrence of cognitive-perceptual taking into account the ability for the brain to interpret and analyze data effectively. When exposed to a given object, the eye reflects light from the object with the intention of ensuring that the brain can engage in useful interpretation (Brody, Roch-Levecq, Gamst, Maclean, Kaplan, & Brown, 2002). Through perception, the brain can interpret the electrical signals with the focus being on creating a functional image that the one would be able to adopt as part of their visual perception. The ability for the brain to create or interpret the electrical impulses accurately means that the brain can maintain a positive connection focusing on cognitive-perceptual.
Conclusion
In summary, vision refers to the ability for individuals to interpret their immediate environments using visible spectrums of light. Vision is one of the most important aspects associated with the human body. Light rays play a central role in promoting the vision, as these rays must be reflected from the objects to the retina. Ciliary muscle works towards ensuring that the eye can have the expected refractive power, which helps towards boosting vision.
References
Brody, B. L., Roch-Levecq, A. C., Gamst, A. C., Maclean, K., Kaplan, R. M., & Brown, S. I. (2002). Self-management of age-related macular degeneration and quality of life: a randomized controlled trial. Archives of Ophthalmology , 120 (11), 1477-1483.
Filbrich, L., Alamia, A., Blandiaux, S., Burns, S., & Legrain, V. (2017). Shaping visual space perception through bodily sensations: Testing the impact of nociceptive stimuli on visual perception in peripersonal space with temporal order judgments. PloS one , 12 (8), 1-20.
Ho, V. H., & Schwab, I. R. (2001). Social, economic development in the prevention of global blindness. British Journal of Ophthalmology , 85 (6), 653-657.
Moschos, M. M. (2014). Physiology and psychology of vision and its disorders: a review. Medical hypothesis, discovery, and innovation in ophthalmology , 3 (3), 83-90.
