The Experiences of Parents with Adult Children with Autism

Case Study Evaluation as could be used in Investigating Experiences of Parents with Adult Children with Autism 

A case study refers to a method in research that involves detailed and up-close analysis and evaluation of a subject or phenomenon being studied and the contextual conditions related to it. The formulation or production of case studies could take place through the establishment of a formal research procedure or technique. The publication of case studies could be formally done through professional or academic conferences and journals. As a method of research, a case study may be used to conduct both quantitative and qualitative types of research. The observation by Macdonald, McKinlay and Gray (2016) indicates that a case study involves empirical inquiries and strategies that are adopted in the process of investigation of various subjects in real-life contexts. Gable (2014) identifies and describes some of the commonly used approaches in the adoption of a case study as a research method. One of these approaches is termed as "no theory first" whose design relates to studies that are not based on any prior or previous theoretical background. The second approach is referred to as "social construction of reality" which finds its basis in the manner in which different aspects in the society relate to reality. The third one is known as "gaps and holes" which is founded and used with the consideration of positivist assumptions as well as the Yin's requirements and guidelines. The fourth approach is known as the "anomalies" which often forms part of the reason for using case studies in evaluating certain research questions (Murakami, 2013). The various approaches employed in the use of case studies as a research method have the individual areas and circumstances of the application. However, it is critical for a researcher who wishes to apply these research approaches to start by understanding their uniqueness in terms of epistemological and ontological assumptions. The use of case study as one of the research methods is well known as being among the           effective and appropriate research paradigms. Sokolovsky (2016) advocated for the adoption of the case study as a research method in the investigation of contemporary issues within the context of real life-life especially where there are no clear boundaries between the issues.   

Criticisms directed towards the case study research method from some researchers indicate that it is considerably difficult to generalize findings that are made based on a single case study. Nonetheless, the views presented by Woodside, Elizabeth and Wilson (2017) support the argument that using a case study as a research method could contribute significantly towards the development of important research theories that may be applicable in various other fields of study. The case study research method happens to a widely used form of qualitative evaluation and analysis since it entails a relevant and careful observation of different phenomenon of social units. Such a phenomenon may revolve around an individual, a cultural, group, an institution, a family or a community in the society. Using case studies in research enables researchers to explore the depth as well as the breath of any given subject of research being studied (Macdonald, McKinlay & Gray, 2016). Moreover, this focuses significantly on the realization of the complete evaluation of conditions and events that are significantly limited in number. The case study research method is largely concerned with the various processes that happen in a given field of study as well as their interrelationship. Essentially, this method involves intensive forms of investigation of certain social units that may be under consideration. The role played by the case study method as an object in the identification of the factors that account for different behavioral patterns involve a totality of integration. According to the findings made by Whitley (2014), the application of case study technique in the collection of data involves an approach that entails the analysis of different factors in relation to several other requirements and expectations. The case study approach in research could be regarded as a technique of qualitative analysis where  considerable efforts are directed towards the study of various aspects of that concern social unit from which inferences and generalizations may be drawn.  

Crucial Features of the Case Study Research Method 

Using the case study method to conduct research makes it possible for a researcher to consider one or more social units through a comprehensive study of a single event or situation that has already taken place. In this respect, there is an extensive and intensive study of a chosen social unit in the sense that finer details of such are phenomenon are examined and evaluated in relation to the existing theoretical perspectives. Generally, research that uses the case study as a technique involves an extension of duration with the objective of ascertaining the associated history as well as other details and information that are relevant in drawing reliable and accurate inferences. In the context of the application of the case study method in research, the researcher is presented with a unique opportunity to conduct a complete investigation and evaluation of a wide variety of social facets. The explanation by Murakami (2013) regarding the application of case study method in research enables a researcher to work towards attempting to understand some of the complex issues that are associated with the operative existing within various social units before and after they are integrated in totality. In this technique, the focus is placed on qualitative as opposed to quantitative and different efforts are made towards the gathering of data and information that concern virtually all aspects of life in a social environment. To that extent, case study expands and broadens the perception of a researcher and presents him or her with a clearer insight into different aspects of life. For example, under the case study method of research, a researcher may be involved in studying the number of criminal offenses committed by an individual as well as the exploration of some of the factors that may have significantly contributed to such acts.           

In such a situation, the case study may be described as the intending to make a case study of that particular individual as a criminal with the aim of determining and suggesting various ways of reforming the individual involved in criminal acts. In respect of this method and the associated research approaches, efforts may be directed towards the establishment of mutual inter-relationship that exists within a series of causal factors. Gable (2014) posits that the case study technique of research makes it more convenient for evaluation and examination of the behavior pattern of the social unit under consideration is performed directly rather than indirectly through an abstract approach. Furthermore, it has previously established by various scholars and researchers that this particular method can contribute towards the realization of fruitful hypotheses together with information and data that may be relevant in their evaluation. In that regard, the case study research method makes it possible for the increasing content and use of the general knowledge owing to the benefit of making it more productive regarding analysis. Some researchers have been able to express concerns that the absence of using case studies as research techniques and method could lead to the handicapping of the generalized social information and knowledge that is often used in various fields of studies (Woodside, Elizabeth & Wilson, 2017). The scope and evolution of the case study research method often find its extensive usage and application in the systematic field. The credit associated with the introduction of the case study method to any area of social investigation ought to go researchers who have previously developed the various concepts within it. Historians, anthropologists, dramatists and novelists, and dramatists have previously been able to use the case study method of research to evaluate and examine various phenomenon associated with their fields of interest (Kenna, 2015).                          

A significant number of experts in the area of management often use case study techniques to acquire clues on ways of finding solutions to deferent management challenges and problems. Scapens (2014) was able to identify some of the assumptions on which the case  study method of research is based. One of those assumptions is that of uniformity as a fundamental consideration of the nature of humans despite the variations that may exist concerning human behavior in different situations and circumstances. The other assumption is the one associated with the study of the relevant natural, historical factors affecting the social units under consideration. There is also the assumption that social units under considerations while using the case study research method should be subjected to a comprehensive study. The application of the case study method in research involves certain crucial phases. The first phase entails determining and recognizing the state and nature of the social unit of attention or the phenomenon under investigation in any given research. The second phase of this particular research method entails data collection as well as the examination and evaluation of the historical background of the phenomenon under consideration. The third phase involves diagnosing and identifying different casual factors that form the basis for the facilitation of developmental or remedial research processes. The fourth phase is concerned with the execution of remedial measures with the intention of correcting any anomalies that may have been committed during the research process. The fifth and the final phase of this research method are essentially committed towards the introduction and use of follow-up programs that are used in the determination of the effectiveness of the research processes and activities (Symonds & Ellis, 2015).          

Strengths of Case Study Research Method 

Several advantages are associated with the case study method of research that is based on the various crucial features described above. This method of research is mostly exhaustive when it comes to studying any given social unit or phenomenon. As such, it enables the researchers and scholars to have a deeper and broader understanding of the pattern of behavior displayed by various social units. The view by Jayas (2017) express recognition to the strength displayed by this method of research by explaining that it deepens the perception    of humans by giving a clearer perspective of the various aspects of life. This method helps in a direct analysis of behavior rather than through abstract and indirect approaches. This case study method is stronger in the sense that it can facilitate the acquisition of an enlightened and real record detailing different personal experiences by a researcher.  

Moreover, the researcher is relieved from inner tensions and is motivated into taking appropriate action in response to a given pattern of behavior that is evident from the study of several social units or phenomenon. Sokolovsky (2016) observes that this method makes it possible for a researcher to be enlightened about the natural history regarding the social unit and the manner in which it is related to the social forces and factors existing within its environment. This method plays a major role in the formulation of the relevant hypotheses alongside the presentation of data that may be crucial in testing processes. Thus, case studies, allow for the generalization of knowledge before enhancing its richness as well as effectiveness. The argument by Woodside, Elizabeth, and Wilson (2017) indicates that the case study method facilitates a deeper understanding of social units. This would not be possible with the adoption of the observation method in the collection of data and information. Furthermore, it is much easier and more reliable to use case study research method in social sciences studies due to the king of success that has been recorded during its extensive usage previously. 

Whenever this research method is used to collect data and information, the researcher becomes more relieved on the difficulties and challenges that would have been experienced in the formulation and construction of things like interviewing schedules or questionnaires. Any researcher who chooses to use this method can also be able to use several other research techniques depending on the nature of circumstances that are prevalent. This implies that the application of other research techniques such as questionnaires, interviews, documents and letters among others could be possibly used effectively under the evaluation of a   case study. This use of case study method by researchers in conducting their studies has proved to be stronger and advantageous when it comes to the determination of the types of social units to be subjected to a study alongside the features of the associated social environment. This kind of study technique is a way of obtaining a better understanding regarding the historical background belonging to the social unit or phenomenon under consideration. Whitley (2014) asserts that case studies are able to constitute a critical form of sociological concepts in their processes of presenting the actual record of unique experiences at a personal level which is often overlooked by researchers who chose to use other methods.  

Additionally, case studies play a critical role in the enhancement of some of the experienced encountered by researchers in the course of trying to establish their research findings or draw conclusions thereby improving the understanding and capability concerning analytical skills. This method enhances the possibility of studying, examining and evaluating various changes that may occur within a given social environment. Concerning the detailed study of the various facets of a given social phenomenon, this method empowers the researcher to obtain a broader and deeper understanding of the processes involved in different social changes (Jayas, 2017). 

Weaknesses of Case Study Research Method 

The analysis by Scapens (2014) points out some shortcomings associated with the case study research method. Part of these weaknesses is that the situations represented in the case studies cannot often be compared with each other. This is because the area of focus in case studies under consideration uses its wordings to narrate the history and logical concepts that are involved in the various social units under consideration and the scientific categorization has to be facilitated through the involvement of an investigator. The adoption and application of this method are also weak and disadvantageous in the sense that the data that results from it is often not regarded as scientific data owing to the lack of associated      knowledge that could be linked various aspects. Such aspects may include repetitive, non-practical, non-ethical and universal phenomenon.  

Furthermore, it is always difficult and challenging to collect actual data and information when using the case study method of research since the subjectivity aspect held by the researcher often fails when it comes to the recording of the findings in the case study. Jayas (2017) maintains that the case study research method is considerably weak in terms of having the potential ganger and high risks in the generation of false or inaccurate information leading the drawing of incorrect information. This has a higher likelihood of happening since there is an insufficiency of sett rules and regulations that would be followed and offer the necessary guidance in the process used in collecting data and information. 

As such, this research method often leads to the studying and examination of a significantly small number of social units (Whitley, 2014). Researchers and scholars have also established in the field of research that the use of case studies is disadvantaged in the sense that it may require a lot of resources and consume more time. This is because the more resources and time are spent when the researcher focuses on studying the natural, historical cycles attached to the finer details of the social phenomenon being studied. There is always a higher likelihood of case data to become vitiated since the subject of the researcher may be forced to record what he or she thinks forms part of the interest of the investigator. The outcome of this is that the entire process of research becomes more subjective. Kenna (2015) argues that the case study method of conducting research finds its basis on some assumptions which are often unrealistic thereby substantially interfering with the accuracy and credibility of the data, findings made as well as the conclusions drawn. There is a limited sphere concerning the adoption of the case study research method. As such, it becomes more difficult to apply the case study method to carry out studies in a large society.                    Additionally, it is also impossible to perform sampling in a situation where the case study method is used (Symonds & Ellis, 2015). 

Ethical Issues of Case Study Research Method 

Case study methods of research are usually influenced by the consideration of certain ethical issues and concerns. According to the views by Murakami (2013), ethical considerations form a crucial component in any research method and technique that touches on human subjects. Moreover, such ethical considerations may be associated with a certain level of added advantage in the use of case study method of research where a researcher is involved in a close working relationship with other participants over a certain duration. Both the survey and case study research methods are involved in the collection and gathering of considerably detailed data and information. For instance, a case study used in conducting given research may be involved in the collection of the finer details regarding a certain inquiry into a narrative or a social program. The outcome of such a process may be able to include sensitive personal information such as personal identities and private information of the respondents or research participants. Moreover, ethical requirements demand that the exposure of personal identities and information should not be undertaken without the consent and permission. To that extent, the use of case studies may not provide the researcher with an opportunity to request the consent or permission of a research subject before publishing his or her identity and personal information. The findings by Sokolovsky (2016) have been able to establish that the use of voluntary and informed consent or the acquisition of approval from different boards of institutional review, whenever there is a need, are critical ethical considerations in research centered on a case study. Consent or permission may entail disclosing of different aspects study with more emphasis being placed on the voluntary component in a manner that assures the participants in the research regarding the safety and privacy of the identities and personal details.          

Grounded Theory Evaluation as could be used in Investigating Experiences of Parents with Adult Children with Autism 

Grounded Theory refers to a research method that is usually adopted and applied in the process of collecting and analyzing qualitative data. In this particular method, some conceptual categories and properties could be acquired from qualitative data by following specific procedures and guidelines. Researchers have previously been able to identify certain key concepts of Grounded Theory that are resonated with an interpretive research process which brings about an intuitive appeal (Konecki, 2018). One of the major concepts that describe the use of Grounded Theory as a research method is a constant comparative analysis which entails procedures and guidelines used in the identification of conceptual properties and categories. The information obtained from the concept of comparative analysis assists in identifying the important feature of research that may be embedded in the data collected. The other one is the theoretical sampling that plays a crucial role in facilitating the enhancement of conceptual categories through integration and coding. Some considerations while applying the grounded theory in conducting a study are capable of contributing substantially towards the development of integrated categories in a hierarchical system. Notably, the other important concept of Grounded Theory involves critical feature as noted by Cooke (2014). In this respect, such features are fluid and can be easily traced to the data collected in the sense that more focus is placed on the processes involved as well as the temporal application of the theory in various circumstances of research. To that extent, this particular method of research considers empirical techniques that are able to facilitate the interpretation of the phenomenon being studied. The Grounded Theory becomes apparent in the production of associated categories of research.                 

A crucial insight provided by Clancy and Vince (2018), indicate that the Grounded Theory tends to place more emphasis on understanding the manner in which individuals relate and interact with the phenomenon being studied. Further, the provided insight points towards the existence of a plausible connection among different concepts that are obtained from data gathered through a review of documents, observations, and interviews. The spread of the application of the Grounded Theory has extended to various disciplines of study including health sciences and information systems among others. Nonetheless, Rennie and Fergus (2016) have expressed their concerns regarding the risk of this particular method of research being fashionable to the point that the researchers who wish to adopt it need to be effectively trained and sensitized. Also, the extensive usage of the Grounded Theory by researchers in various fields of study is largely attributable to its considerable convenience, effectiveness and growing popularity. In most studies conducted over the last couple of years in various fields including that of health sciences, research designs used rely heavily on a review of relevant literature to formulate an appropriate hypothesis. The hypothesis would then be subjected to experimentations and tests before drawing research findings.  

On the contrary, Grounded Theory is more concerned with the investigation of the happenings in a real-world situation through the analysis of the collected data without necessarily involving preconceived hypothesis. In this particular method of research, interviews may be used as a means of data collection. The analysis of data collected through interviews in a qualitative research study tends being associated with descriptions and interpretations of different events in the field or during the process of research (Daniel, 2018). 

The research data obtained through the Grounded Theory methodology involve the incorporation of an analysis that searches for the concepts and principles behind the theoretical background. One of the criticisms advanced against Grounded Theory entails lack of sufficient rigor owing to carelessness commonly experienced during interviewing sessions. It is often made clear by researchers that the awareness of bias influences all research interviews. The adoption of the Grounded Theory method in conducting research is                             advantageous in the sense that it facilitates the commencement of analysis upon the beginning of data collection during the initial interview. The argument by Khan (2014) shows that one of the specific intentions of Grounded Theory is attempting to facilitate the investigation of the phenomenon that happens in the real-world context in most cases using data collected through interviews. This research method goes to the extent of making more convenient and easier for the discovery or identification of certain important concepts whose basis and grounding are found in existing data (Nicholls, 2015). 

Concepts, Codes, and Categories of Grounded Theory 

The coding that exists in Grounding Theory involves a specific technique of content analysis that used in the process of determining and conceptualizing some of the underlying aspects of data. During the interview analysis, the researcher familiarizes himself or herself with some of the phrases and words used by the respondents in the field of research (Konecki, 2018). Such phrases and words are expected to highlight various issues of importance or interest to the successful completion of the research being conducted. Upon the determination of such issues, they are described and noted down in the form of a short phrase through a process termed as coding. Previously, there have been doubts regarding the accurate and acceptable forms of codes that should be used by researchers concerning the Grounded Theory method. Some researchers have suggested that the process of developing codes should be approached with an open mind without paying attention to preconceived ideas as a way of forcing data to agree with perspectives that have already been established. According to Rennie and Fergus (2016), the preconception of ideas should not be used in determining research data used as evidence in supporting ideas that are already established. Some scholars have recommended that researchers in a field of study should analyze the data that they have collected in a station where they are not certain about various research processes. On the                   other hand, Cooke (2014) has recommended the use of a micro-analysis form of coding that examines data in finer details. 

Strengths of Grounded Theory Research Method 

According to Griffin (2015), Grounded Theory research method exhibits considerable strength and advantages in making research inquiries. In this regard, this particular research method is stronger in relation to its ability to lead to the realization of intuitive appeal. It is important to note that the Grounded Theory method of research may not just be limited or confined to certain specific disciplines, fields or a particular data type. The observation by Stillman (2006) indicates that Grounded Theory method is advantageous in the sense that it has previously managed to inform to be adopted in a wide range of specialties where it demonstrated a considerable range of acceptability and convenience. The argument by Daniel (2018) appears to suggest that this research method is characterized with an intuitive appeal that facilitates the studies being conducted by new investigators since it allows for an in-depth understanding and comprehensive analysis of research data and information. In this case, the translation of in-depth understanding involves constant coding and comparison approaches that are applicable to the analysis of data. Khan (2014) offers support to this argument by arguing that Grounded Theory is capable of providing novice researchers with some of the important principles to get started and remain in a research project. While different qualitative requirements allow investigators to handle data in the manner in which they feel without paying attention to clear guidelines, Grounded Theory focuses on the provision of explicit and clear guidelines that give appropriate directions to researchers. Most researchers who are pragmatic in the research roles and responsibilities are highly likely to find the Grounding Theory method of research as a crucial tool in finding relevant and accurate answers to their questions (Nicholls, 2015). Besides, the Grounded Theory method goes to the extent of enriching and enlightening the thinking of the researchers by       ensuring that they are adequately provided with assurances concerning the credibility and reliability of the outcomes and findings.         

Weaknesses of Grounded Theory Research Method 

Whereas the Grounded Theory research method has strengths, it is worth noting that it is also associated with certain weaknesses. One of the weaknesses of this method is that it entails an exhaustive process that is more laborious, tiring and time consuming to the researcher. This is the method involves several processes such as encompassing and abstracting of concepts which call for more resources and concentration. In that respect, novice researchers are likely to find themselves struggling with tiresome processes such as a coding process to the extent that they may be unable to accomplish certain tasks that are useful in the discovery of themes and ideas emerging from the collected data and information. Moreover, this method is usually associated with the generation and development of lower categories of theories that are linked to several multiple forms of operational limitations. Ray (2018) criticizes the Grounded Theory method by suggesting another one of its weaknesses is founded on its lack of ease of application and the complexities that it contains with its processes. To that extent, researchers are strongly advised to employ the services of a mentor before embarking on the use of Grounded Theory as a research method. The other weakness that relates to this method of research is its higher potential and tendency of experiencing methodological errors. Konecki (2018) contends that novice researchers who chose to use Grounded Theory as their chosen technique in research could experience a higher likelihood of ending up with significantly blurred methodological lines. The other pitfall that might be faced by a new a researcher who decides to use the Grounded Theory method is relying on just a single data source such as the conduction of interview in the acquisition of critical research data. In offering a solution to address the       weakness presented by the use of a single source of data, Griffin (2015) recommends the performance both interviews and observations during the process of gathering research data. 

Ethical issues of Grounded Theory Research Method 

When the Grounded Theory method of research is adopted in conducting studies that touch on sensitive personal information or privacy of individuals, then certain requirements of ethical considerations ought to be observed. This is because failure to observe ethical considerations could lead to this research method being associated with intrusion of privacy, incriminating and stigmatization of the participants in that particular research. Participation in research where this method is used may lead to considerable vulnerability of the participants whereas the researcher may find himself or herself subject to social of legal risks (Clancy & Vince, 2018). As such, researchers who are involved with the conduction of their studies using this method ought to observe all the ethical requirements and considerations before processes. In that case, part of the ethical consideration would involve ensuring that a participant is adequately informed regarding his or her role in the research and kind of information or details expected of him or her. This would be followed by requesting for informed consent or permission from such participants before the inclusion in the research activities and processes. It is ethically expected that a researcher would be in a position to share his or her own experiences while addressing the issue of some of the risks faced by the participants in research that uses Grounded Theory as its preferred technique (Daniel, 2018).       

Comparing and Contrasting the Scholarly Rationale for the two Methods 

Grounded Theory and Case Study methods may both be techniques that can be adopted in a study by they are based on different concepts, perspectives, and assumptions. Grounded Theory is more concerned with the investigation of the happenings in a real-world situation through the analysis of the collected data without necessarily involving  preconceived hypothesis. In this regard, it considers empirical techniques that can facilitate the interpretation of the phenomenon being studied (Rennie & Fergus, 2016). On the other hand, the application case studies in research make it possible for researchers to attain the depth as well as the breath of any given social phenomenon or subject of research being studied.  

Furthermore, the Case Study method pays more attention to the realization of the complete evaluation of conditions and events that are significantly limited in number. The case study research method is mostly concerned with the various processes that happen in a given field of study as well as their interrelationship. Grounded Theory is capable of providing novice researchers with some of the important principles to get started and remain in a research project. On the contrary, the case study method appears to be more suitable and useful for researchers who are well informed and highly experienced (Fishman, 2014). 

Recommended Process for Choosing between the two Methods 

A pragmatic researcher who is interested in conduction research would be advised to carefully examine the nature of research being conducted as well as the kind of research questions involved in the study. For instance, it is recommended that a researcher who is interested in establishing the experiences of parents with adult children with autism should consider adopting the Case Study method as opposed to the Grounded Theory method. This is because, as has been observed, the Case Study method plays a significant role in the formulation of the relevant hypotheses alongside the presentation of data that may be crucial in testing processes. Thus, case studies, allow for the generalization of knowledge before enhancing its richness as well as effectiveness which would be relevant for a pragmatic researcher who desires to understand various experiences of parents with adult children with autism.  

Furthermore, case-oriented research would be recommended since it is largely focused on the various processes that happen in a given field of study and their interrelationship. In essence, this method is more concerned with intensive levels of        investigation of certain social units that may be under consideration. The role played by the case study method as an object in the identification of the factors that account for different behavioral patterns and experiences incorporate within a totality of integration. Grounded Theory would be unsuitable for examining experiences of parents with adult children with autism since it entails an exhaustive process that is more laborious, tiring and time-consuming to the researcher (Symonds & Ellis, 2015). 

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