Sympathetic nervous system is responsible for helping in controlling most of the internal organs of the body. Regulation of much the homeostatic mechanisms in living organisms is done by the sympathetic nervous system. It is also responsible for the mediation of the neuronal and hormonal stress which is referred to as the sympatho-adrenal response of the body (Cardinali, 2018). Moreover it is commonly referred by the term fight-or-flight response. The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for the activation of the physiological process of the body such as salivation, lacrimation, urination, digestion and defecation. Thus its useful functions are summarized by the acronym SLUDD (Orimo et al., 2018). Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system are said to operate in opposition to each other which is very important to the body since the natural opposition is complementary rather than antagonistic. Sympathetic nervous system issues quick response mobilizing systems while parasympathetic issues slowly activated responses dampening system (Orimo et al., 2018).
Neurotransmitters are the chemical messengers in the body that are used for transmitting signals from the nerve cells to the target cells. Nerve cells fire impulses which are the neurotransmitters that carry signals to target cells (Johnson, 2018). The nervous system is responsible for controlling the body organs thus with the help of neurotransmitters it is able to send messages to specific organs to give commands for reaction purposes. The nervous system is the main region of the brain that is affected by drugs. However, drugs also affect other regions such as basal ganglia, the extended amygdala and prefontal cortex (Friedman & Rusche, 2018). Basal ganglia is responsible for positive forms of motivation. When this region is adapted to drugs it reduces its sensitivity making it difficult for one to feel pleasure when not on drugs. The prefontal cortex forms the basis of the ability to think, solve problems and practice self-control over impulses. Thus it is difficult for a drug addict to exert self-control when not under the influence of drugs.
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References
Cardinali, D. P. (2018). First level: peripheral sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. In Autonomic Nervous System . Springer, Cham.
Friedman, D. P., & Rusche, S. (2018). False messengers: How addictive drugs change the brain . CRC Press.
Johnson, B. K. (2018). Physiology of the Autonomic Nervous System. In Basic Sciences in Anesthesia . Springer, Cham.
Orimo, S., Ghebremedhin, E., & Gelpi, E. (2018). Peripheral and central autonomic nervous system: does the sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system bear the brunt of the pathology during the course of sporadic PD?. Cell and tissue research .
