There have always been mixed reactions over the people living in a given cultural context developed from individuals’ toxic behavior within the society (Rising, 2018). It is out of the paradigm that I chose to complete my dissertation on the spectrum of toxic patriarchy. The society has long been defined on its overarching archetype depended on values, family, institutional settings, social structures and its laws (Ansorg and Haastrup, 2018). Traditionally, women know who their child is as well as the father to their children (Azzolina, 2019). Bettman (2018) state that for the men to assert that particular children are theirs; they must have had absolute dominance and control over the women before their pregnancy, during the conception period and continued until she is above the childbearing age. The outgrowth of the principle mentioned above has ripple effects since ancient times until the present at every level of society.
While today science has helped solve the issue of paternity the toxic symptoms of patriarchy associated to the paradigms are still fresh within the society (Carrera-Fernández et al., 2018). Since the toxic patriarchy created from masculinity is a significant problem in our society; the dissertation research will help bring it out to the light, examine its causes and deconstruct the norm. The male gender has long been viewed as superior and preferred most for passing the family’s legacy or lineage in a patriarchy paradigm (David, 2017). In patriarchal societies, equality has not been a concern since the ancient periods. According to Dube (2018), the need for male gender to control and dominate the female gender not only for legacy purposes but also to decide on who is the right child passed through. The exercise has created unhealthy hierarchies in the society presently referred to as the toxic patriarchy. The paper presents an annotated bibliography of the spectrum of toxic patriarchy to be used in the dissertation research.
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Veissiere, P. S. L. (2018). “Toxic Masculinity” in the age of #Me Too: ritual, morality and gender archetypes across cultures. Society and Business Review, Vol. 13 (3), 274-286, doi: 10.1108/SBR-07-2018-0070
In the Brazilian societal version gender roles are underpinned on the people's sexuality. The article depicts in detail on sex workers in the Brazilian context where women are not allowed to ask and bargain over their pay; men are explicitly not willing to pay as well. The repeatedly told stories in the society are per-formative to bringing the world into being what it looks like in the present day (Engleman, 2019). The purpose of the article is aimed at examining the recent toxic masculinity in common assumptions established on morality and gender relations. In methodology, the author revisits the transnational sexualities on his earlier fieldwork against a broad historical analysis and evolutionary of the records in place. The author argues that toxic masculinity is normatively useful when presented alongside other gender paradigms. The article problematic is displayed when the author concludes that stoic virtue models created when initiating boys give normative commitments for the society that values and looks at male gender as more preferring to the female gender. In recommendation, the author attributes that the toxic paradigm of male and female gender should provide a clear foundation for the future practices and morals of boys and girls.
Barker, G. (2016). Male violence or patriarchal violence? Global Trends in Men and Violence: Sexualidad, Salud y Sociedad, pp. 316-330
Previous research and policies have dwelt much on the use of violence against the female gender instead of patriarchal violence (Barker, 2016).
The author argues that there is a need to look into the cause of gender violence by examining patriarchal violence based on composite power affairs. The purpose of the article is presenting a simplistic repressive archetypal aimed at preventing gender inequalities. The methodology applied is the use of a theoretical framework to analyze the literature shown on gender violence among male and female sexuality. The author, in his findings, argues that male gender is prone to violence against women; the ideology of masculinity associated to superiority starts earlier in the child's life when the boys are attached to manhood activities. The heavily modulated traditions have been obeyed and followed by many without questioning on their validity and significance in the contemporary world. The author gives a future recommendation asserting that income inequality should be checked first before proceeding with correcting the mess created by gender violence against women. The article is problematic in the sense that it calls for holding accountable those responsible for building patriarchal power systems that turn a blind eye on gender and sexuality abusing women.
Wetherell, M. & Edley, N. (2014). A discursive psychological framework for analyzing men and masculinities: American Psychological Association , Vol. 15 (4), 355-364
The article promotes and describes a discursive psychological (DP) tactic of studying male gender and masculinity. The author presents their research findings on toxic patriarchy before comparing and contrasting to other scholars’ argumentations over the topic. DP treats masculinity as a set of practices developed and actively negotiated in relations to another identifiable form of cultural contexts different than an essence to be exposed (Harris, 2018). Male gender is the main perpetrator of sexual and physical violence against women. Violence against children depending on the child’s sexuality has led to boys receiving more serve punishment by adults as compared to the girl child. The motive creates bitterness among the boy child who grows with the mindset of revenging against the female gender in their adulthood hence violence. Gender based violence is rooted in masculinity. The purpose of the article is to outline how discursive psychology distinct itself from other traditional theories on gender and sexuality. Descriptive analysis is used in presenting the methodology of research. More detailed information is given on gender and sexuality, which is significant in explaining the spectrum of toxic patriarchy expected for the dissertation. However, the article presentation lacks the support of statistical facts to support the literature presented.
Sculos, B. W. (2017). Who is afraid of toxic masculinity? Class, Race and Corporate Power: U.S. Labor and Social Justice, Vol. 5 (3), doi: 10.25148/CRCP.5.3.006517
Everyone is worried about toxic masculinity, whether they openly know it or not. It does not mean that all human beings are fearful of the indifferent brought by masculinity or the effects caused; instead, every person feels the threat of toxic patriarchy. The author argues that toxic masculinity is used to explain loosely interrelated societal norms, behaviors and beliefs associated with the male gender and oppresses the female gender. Among the norms, practices and beliefs related to masculinity, oppressing women are individualistic self-sufficiency, hyper-competitiveness, the glorification of violence against women and sexism. The ideologies could be used to restrict increased challenges against women giving them chances to rule and not just serving in minor and casual lob positions like the kitchen and other homestead activities The purpose of the article is to explore the tendency of distinct causes of male gender perception of masculinity over women. The piece incorporates a literature review as the methodology towards completing the research. Several journals have been quoted in the article as the author proves worth other peoples' work on the topic. Different findings have been made in the article reached by analysis distinct variables about gender and masculinity. As such, the article presents its strength by using both literature and statistical figures to support the research.
Risam, R. (2015). Toxic Feminity 4.0: English Faculty Publications, Paper 2 . Vol. 20 (4-6)
Human beings live in a world filled with toxic threats, including earthquakes, nuclear disasters, and tsunamis, among others. Beyond the physical environment, people are worried about toxic food, and how to cope with toxic relationships. The internet gives limelight of what is happening across the world associated with toxic relationships based on masculinity. The purpose of the article is a showcase on how the internet can be used as a tool to contain the reported toxic conditions starting from physical issues to emotional ones. The methodology incorporated in the study is the first review of social media platforms by the author and relate it to the literature information about the topic. The finding presented is that twitter, Facebook and Instagram social media platforms have presently reported 75% of toxic issues across the world. The same platforms can be used in containing the vices across the globe by educating the public gender equality and benefits of viewing women as effective as their male counterparts. The problem in the article arises when the author suggests that feminist counter-attacking waves be strengthened through multicultural practices to neutralize the male archetypes of patriarchy. The author recommends the use of the internet in promoting required gender-based actions and reactions for both boy and girl child in the future.
Streufert, M. J., Blasi, M., Crist, J., Graybill, R., & Yip, M. (2018). Responses to the ELCA “Draft social statement on women and justice:” Dialogue: A Journal of Theology , 57 (3), 202–210. https://doi.org/10.1111/dial.12418
It should be understood that gender means endowing women in political, economic and social platforms equal to the male. According to the author, world health organization (WHO) acknowledges that violence against women is highly determined by the social determinants, including weak governance, cultural practices, poor ruling and societal gender norms adopted. The gender violence matters should be given priority across the globe when addressing patriarchy paradigm. Streufert, Blasi, Crist, Graybill, and Yip argued that societal leadership had strong forces to overturn what the tradition had hold for long periods ago. If women are accorded with political and economic positions with equal and fair room to contest will purely fit and deliver as men could have done. Socially, women have proved more powerful than their male counterparts and gathered many people around themselves. The purpose of the article is depicting violence used against the female gender. The methodology presented in the research article is a descriptive analysis of gathered data about gender violence and matters related to masculinity. The finding asserts that clear data on violence committed against women is visible across different States in the world. However, very few information is available related to toxic patriarchy and how it impacts on the female gender.
Lennon, S. (2017). Using critical and post-critical pedagogies to pick at the seams of patriarchy from 'the inside: Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education , 38 (3), 377–388. https://doi.org/10.1080/01596306.2017.1306983
Western theories and practices of patriarchy have been experienced and culturally elaborated by most of the male theorists who opted to ignore the traditional call for ignoring women arenas. The author argues that feminists call for equality in the existing political or theological frameworks fail to get served justice for the issues at stake. Feminist theories established in the 1970s believed that religious sacred was the primary goal for women a product of superseded reason (Kaunda and Pokol, 2019). The author examines soberly his own story giving many examples of feminist actions and toxic masculinity in his cultural context. Hope is structurally destined to feminism action or at least expected to be; Lennon in his research argues that post-feminist world always suffer because every human kind is from one of those women. The purpose of the article is to demonstrate the impact of toxic patriarchy on women gender by revisiting the Freudian approach to the sacred religious believers, presenting a gendered critique of suppositions. Literature review of other scholars' research studies is incorporated as the methodology tactic in writing the article. The author recommends the use of religious teachings to control gender practices and end the violence against women in the future.
Engleman, M. (2019). The Man They Wanted Me to Be: Toxic Masculinity and a Crisis of Our Own Making. Library Journal , 144 (3), 96–108.
Globalism shifts labor as societies experience progressivism changes from traditional manufacturing; gender roles as prescribed by our fore fathers since the Industrial Revolution have become outdated. Moreover, male gender mentality over masculinity as a sign of superiority over the female gender has remained dominance in some parts of the world. The male child has always been brought up as a hard person to complain or fear anything unlike the girl child who is encouraged to cry out her problems. The instilled motives to the boy child in the earlier ages have led to the establishment of present masculinity practices and different roles played between the male and female gender. The purpose of the article is demonstrate in detailed on how childhood bringing of boy child and girl child had given male gender privileges to grow abusive and violence in the adulthood in regards to their masculinity. Literature review is the methodology used in completing the research study. The author argues that the difference in bringing out the boy and girl child contributes significantly to the gender violence practices by the subject in their adulthood. The problem exhibited in the article is the fact that toxic masculinity can be addressed as a psychological, historical and sociological challenge. In recommendation, the author asserts that children be given equal opportunities from their tender ages.
References
Ansorg, N., & Haastrup, T. (2018). Gender and the EU’s Support for Security Sector Reform in Fragile Contexts: Journal of Common Market Studies (Issue 5), 1127.
Azzolina, D. (2019). For the Love of Men: A New Vision for Mindful Masculinity. Library Journal , 144 (7), 106
Barker, G. (2016). Male violence or patriarchal violence? Global Trends in Men and Violence: Sexualidad, Salud y Sociedad, pp. 316-330
Bettman, C. (2018). Patriarchy: The Predominant Discourse and Fount of Domestic Violence. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy , 30 (1), 15–28. https://doi.org/10.1375/anft.30.1.15
Carrera-Fernández, M. V., Lameiras-Fernández, M., & Rodríguez-Castro, Y. (2018). Performing intelligible genders through violence: bullying as gender practice and heteronormative control. Gender & Education , 30 (3), 341–359. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540253.2016.1203884
David, M. E. (2017). Femifesta? Reflections on writing a feminist memoir and a feminist manifesto: Gender & Education , 29 (4), 525–535. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540253.2017.1321738
Dube, Z. (2018). Patriarchy reinvented? “Spiritual parenting” within African Pentecostalism in Zimbabwe: Verbum et Ecclesia , (1). https://doi.org/10.4102/ve.v39i1.1777
Engleman, M. (2019). The Man They Wanted Me to Be: Toxic Masculinity and a Crisis of Our Own Making. Library Journal , 144 (3), 96–108.
Harris, C. (2018). Domestic Violence in Latin American Literary Texts: Thinking Through the Idea of “Toxic Couples.” Confluencia , 33 (2), 30–38. https://doi.org/10.1353/cnf.2018.0003
Kaunda, C. J., & Pokol, B. J. (2019). African Christianity, Myth of Creation, and Gender Justice: An African Feminist Re-Inculturation Perspective. Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion (Indiana University Press) , 35 (1), 5–19. https://doi.org/10.2979/jfemistudreli.35.1.02
Lennon, S. (2017). Using critical and post-critical pedagogies to pick at the seams of patriarchy from 'the inside: Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education , 38 (3), 377–388. https://doi.org/10.1080/01596306.2017.1306983
Risam, R. (2015). Toxic Feminity 4.0: English Faculty Publications, Paper 2 . Vol. 20 (4-6)
Rising, L. A. (2018). The spectrum of toxic patriarchy syndrome: Medium Article. Retrieved from https://medium.com/@LoriAnneRising/the-spectrum-of-toxic-patriarchy-syndrome-e4ebb5323e11
Sculos, B. W. (2017). Who is afraid of toxic masculinity? Class, Race and Corporate Power: U.S. Labor and Social Justice, Vol. 5 (3), doi: 10.25148/CRCP.5.3.006517
Streufert, M. J., Blasi, M., Crist, J., Graybill, R., & Yip, M. (2018). Responses to the ELCA “Draft social statement on women and justice:” Dialogue: A Journal of Theology , 57 (3), 202–210. https://doi.org/10.1111/dial.12418
Veissiere, P. S. L. (2018). “Toxic Masculinity” in the age of #Me Too: ritual, morality and gender archetypes across cultures. Society and Business Review, Vol. 13 (3), 274-286, doi: 10.1108/SBR-07-2018-0070
Wetherell, M. & Edley, N. (2014). A discursive psychological framework for analyzing men and masculinities: American Psychological Association , Vol. 15 (4), 355-364
