AlEssa, H. B., Bhupathiraju, S. N., Malik, V. S., Wedick, N. M., Campos, H., Rosner, B., … Hu, F. B. (2015). Carbohydrate quality and quantity and risk of type 2 diabetes in US women. The American journal of clinical nutrition , 102 (6), 1543–1553. doi:10.3945/ajcn.115.116558
The researchers intended to prospectively explore the connection between fibers, starch, carbohydrates and various mixtures of these diets and T2D risk in females. The researchers did a prospective follow-up of 70,025 females who did not have diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular disease at reference point from the Nurses’ Health Study (1984-2008). The researchers used a validated questionnaire to collect diet information every four years. They used Cox regression to assess relations with incident T2D. Overall, from the results, the researchers concluded that foods with low fiber, high starch, and a high starch-to-cereal fiber were connected to an increased risk T2D.
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De Koning, L., Fung, T. T., Liao, X., Chiuve, S. E., Rimm, E. B., Willett, W. C., … Hu, F. B. (2011). Low-carbohydrate diet scores and risk of type 2 diabetes in men. The American journal of clinical nutrition , 93 (4), 844–850. doi:10.3945/ajcn.110.004333
In this study, the researchers targeted to investigate the relationship between 3 low-carbohydrate food scores and occurrence of T2D. A prospective cohort research was conducted with participants from the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study who had no T2D, cancer or cardiovascular disease at reference point. The participants were aged 20 years and below, and they were 40,475. The researchers calculated total average scores of 3 low-carbohydrate diet every four years from diet frequency questionnaires and related them with incident type 2 diabetes through the use of Cox models. 2689 T2D were documented throughout the follow-up. Following adjustments for T2D family history, alcohol intake, coffee intake, physical activity, smoking, age, total energy consumption, and body mass index, the high fat and animal protein score was connected to a greater risk of T2D. However, a higher vegetable protein and the fat score were not considerably related to the T2D risk in general although it had an inverse relationship with T2D in males aged above 65 years.
Kolb, H., & Martin, S. (2017). Environmental/lifestyle factors in the pathogenesis and prevention of type 2 diabetes. BMC medicine , 15 (1), 131. doi:10.1186/s12916-017-0901-x
The authors of this article point out that lifestyle and environmental changes, coupled with the aging of populations, are in general thought to contribute to the rapid increase in incidences and prevalence of T2D in the world and also in the US. In the article, the authors present a broad summary of features which account for diabetes risks, such as the quantity and quality of diet, little exercise, longer sitting or TV viewing, fine dust or noise exposure, disturbed or little sleep, depression and stress, smoking, as well as a low socioeconomic status.
Generally, the review asserts that these factors encourage a rise in body mass index. Further, given that β-cell function loss is the main cause of T2D, environmental as well as lifestyle changes ought to have led to greater β-cell damage risk in the people at genetic risk. In conclusion, the researchers recommend that diabetes prevention strategies must be designed to promote a diabetes-protective style while at the same time promoting the human organism resistance to pro-diabetic lifestyle and environmental features.
Malik, V. S., Li, Y., Tobias, D. K., Pan, A., & Hu, F. B. (2016). Dietary Protein Intake and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in US Men and Women. American journal of epidemiology , 183 (8), 715–728. doi:10.1093/aje/kwv268
The scholars state that dietary proteins are vital glucose metabolism modulators. Nevertheless, limited longitudinal research works have assessed the relationships between protein consumption and protein type and T2D risk. Thus, in this article, the researchers examined the relationships between vegetable, animal and total protein and prevalence of T2D. The study involved both women and men from different study groups. The results showed that energy intake percentage from protein intake and animal proteins was related to higher risk of T2D. Conversely, energy intake percentage from vegetable protein was linked with a relatively lower risk of T2D. Overall, higher consumption of animal protein was associated with higher T2D risk, whereas greater consumption of vegetable protein was linked to a moderately lower risk.
