Scenario 1: Visceral Pain
Visceral pain is caused by the activation of thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic nociceptors. Visceral structures have high sensitivity to inflammation, ischemia, and stretch. However, lack sensitivity to stimuli of pain resulting from burning and cutting. Referred visceral pain is perceived pain in a region that is innervated by nerves instead of the source of pain. Referred pain diffuses to other parts of the body away from the source. It results from improper wiring of the nervous system for accurate localization of visceral pain. In the case of the 75-year-old, the effect of referred visceral pain leads to the diffusion of pain to the abdomen region. The source of the pain, which is the shoulder, is innervated, leading sensation in areas subtended by a similar spinal cord segment.
Scenario 2: Cleft Palate and Cleft Lip
Cleft lip and cleft palate develop as a result of embryonic anomalies when there is an improper formation of the fetus's mouth. In this case, the facial structures of the fetus do not close completely. The severity of these conditions vary. It is necessary to carry out surgery on noticing the cleft palate and cleft lip. Surgery is vital in improving the appearance of the nose and mouth. Cleft palate and cleft lip repair are more appropriate within the first 12 months of the baby. Therefore, the baby, who is 10 months, will undergo successful surgery for cleft palate repair. Notably, there is evidence that surgery for cleft palate repair has resulted in the proper development of the mouth. A surgery is vital in correcting several complications for the wellbeing of the child. The complications include; difficulties in speaking, adjustments of the teeth, oral health and tooth development, eating, and swallowing. Apart from solving these complications, resolving the cleft palate and cleft lip complications reduces stigmatization for the child, thus raising his or her self-esteem.
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